TABLE II.

MortalityAmong a Cohort of TDI-Exposed Workers (1960–2011, U.S. Referent Rates)^a

	Men (n = 2,871)			Women (n = 1,874)			Overall (n = 4,545)
	OBS	SMR	95% CI	OBS	SMR	95% CI	OBS	SMR	95% CI
All deaths	750	1.12	1.04–1.20	376	1.26	1.14–1.39	1,126	1.16	1.10–1.23
All cancers	193	1.18	1.02–1.36	140	1.43	1.21–1.69	333	1.27	1.14–1.42
Buccal and pharyngeal cancer	2	0.41	0.05–1.50	0	0.00	0.00–3.57	2	0.34	0.04–1.23
All digestive cancer	44	0.99	0.72–1.33	24	1.26	0.81–1.88	68	1.07	0.83–1.36
Esophagus	3	0.45	0.09–1.30	1	0.95	0.02–5.27	4	0.51	0.14–1.31
Stomach	5	0.97	0.31–2.26	1	0.56	0.01–3.14	6	0.86	0.32–1.88
Intestine (except rectum)	14	1.11	0.61–1.86	13	1.81	0.96–3.09	27	1.36	0.90–1.98
Rectum	5	1.67	0.54–3.90	0	0.00	0.00–2.68	5	1.14	0.37–2.67
Liver and biliary	6	0.81	0.30–1.76	4	1.65	0.45–4.22	10	1.01	0.49–1.87
Pancreas	11	1.23	0.61–2.20	3	0.63	0.13–1.83	14	1.02	0.56–1.71
Peritoneum, other, and unspecified	0	0.00	0.00–7.75	2	5.39	0.65–19.5	2	2.36	0.29–8.53
All respiratory cancer	78	1.36	1.07–1.69	57	2.38	1.80–3.09	135	1.66	1.39–1.96
Larynx	7	2.93	1.18–6.04	4	11.1	3.03–28.4	11	4.00	1.99–7.16
Trachea, bronchus, and lung	71	1.30	1.01–1.64	53	2.27	1.70–2.96	124	1.59	1.32–1.89
Breast cancer	1	4.33	0.11–24.1	22	1.08	0.68–1.64	23	1.12	0.71–1.68
Female genital cancer	—	—	—	14	1.21	0.66–2.02	14	1.21	0.66–2.02
Cervix	—	—	—	6	2.02	0.74–4.40	6	2.02	0.74–4.40
Uterus	—	—	—	4	1.54	0.42–3.95	4	1.54	0.42–3.95
Ovary	—	—	—	3	0.53	0.11–1.55	3	0.53	0.11–1.55
Other	—	—	—	1	2.65	0.07–14.8	1	2.65	0.07–14.8
Male genital cancer	10	0.98	0.47–1.80	—	—	—	10	0.98	0.47–1.80
Prostate	10	1.02	0.49–1.88	—	—	—	10	1.02	0.49–1.88
All urinary cancer	9	1.20	0.55–2.27	3	1.23	0.25–3.61	12	1.21	0.62–2.11
Kidney	6	1.34	0.49–2.92	2	1.30	0.16–4.71	8	1.33	0.58–2.63
Bladder	3	0.99	0.20–2.88	1	1.11	0.03–6.21	4	1.02	0.28–2.60
Lymphatic and hematopoietic cancer	17	1.07	0.62–1.72	8	1.02	0.44–2.02	25	1.06	0.68–1.56
Hodgkin disease	2	2.21	0.27–7.99	2	5.57	0.67–20.1	4	3.17	0.86–8.10
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	10	1.65	0.79–3.04	3	1.03	0.21–3.00	13	1.45	0.77–2.48
Multiple myeloma	1	0.32	0.01–1.80	2	1.21	0.15–4.39	3	0.63	0.13–1.85
Leukemia and aleukemia	4	0.69	0.19–1.76	1	0.35	0.01–1.93	5	0.57	0.19–1.34
All other and unspecified cancer	32	1.39	0.95–1.96	12	1.05	0.54–1.83	44	1.27	0.93–1.71
Melanoma	3	1.11	0.23–3.23	0	0.00	0.00–3.18	3	0.77	0.16–2.26
Non-melanoma skin	1	1.05	0.03–5.85	0	0.00	0.00–19.5	1	0.88	0.02–4.88
Connective tissue	2	1.72	0.21–6.22	0	0.00	0.00–4.56	2	1.01	0.12–3.66
Brain	6	1.29	0.47–2.80	2	0.83	0.10–2.98	8	1.13	0.49–2.22
Thyroid	0	0.00	0.00–11.9	1	3.90	0.10–21.7	1	1.76	0.04–9.82
Other and unspecified (excludes cancers of the bone and eye and mesothelioma)	19	1.55	0.93–2.42	9	1.42	0.65–2.70	28	1.51	1.00–2.18
Benign/unspecified neoplasms	1	0.50	0.01–2.79	3	2.35	0.49–6.88	4	1.22	0.33–3.13
Tuberculosis and HIV related diseases	14	0.69	0.38–1.16	3	1.00	0.21–2.91	17	0.73	0.42–1.17
Diseases of the blood	2	0.73	0.09–2.64	2	1.24	0.15–4.47	4	0.92	0.25–2.35
Diabetes mellitus	29	1.56	1.05–2.24	12	1.12	0.58–1.95	41	1.40	1.00–1.90
Mental disorders	6	0.49	0.18–1.06	3	0.60	0.12–1.75	9	0.52	0.24–0.99
Alcoholism	4	0.58	0.16–1.49	0	0.00	0.00–3.16	4	0.50	0.14–1.28
Nonmalignant nervous system diseases	16	1.38	0.79–2.24	7	0.80	0.32–1.64	23	1.13	0.71–1.69
Heart diseases	186	1.10	0.95–1.27	66	1.09	0.84–1.38	252	1.10	0.97–1.24
Ischemic heart disease	136	1.09	0.91–1.28	44	1.08	0.78–1.45	180	1.08	0.93–1.25
Circulatory system diseases	49	1.12	0.83–1.48	22	0.86	0.54–1.30	71	1.02	0.80–1.29
Nonmalignant respiratory diseases	53	1.36	1.02–1.78	36	1.61	1.13–2.23	89	1.45	1.17–1.79
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	31	1.66	1.13–2.35	28	2.37	1.57–3.42	59	1.93	1.47–2.49
Asthma	1	0.75	0.02–4.18	0	0.00	0.00–2.90	1	0.38	0.01–2.14
Nonmalignant digestive diseases	26	0.76	0.50–1.12	19	1.41	0.85–2.20	45	0.94	0.69–1.26
Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases	12	0.61	0.31–1.06	5	0.83	0.27–1.93	17	0.66	0.38–1.06
Other (excludes diseases of stomach and duodenum, hernia, and intestinal obstruction)	10	0.85	0.41–1.57	12	1.97	1.02–3.44	22	1.24	0.77–1.87
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases	1	0.55	0.01–3.06	7	2.72	1.09–5.60	8	1.82	0.79–3.59
Nonmalignant genitourinary diseases	12	1.08	0.56–1.89	7	1.06	0.43–2.19	19	1.08	0.65–1.68
Acute glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome and acute renal failure	2	1.74	0.21–6.28	3	4.79	0.99–14.0	5	2.81	0.91–6.57
Chronic/unspecified nephritis and renal failure and other renal sclerosis	6	0.83	0.31–1.81	2	0.50	0.06–1.82	8	0.71	0.31–1.41
Ill-defined conditions	12	1.18	0.61–2.07	4	1.05	0.28–2.68	16	1.14	0.65–1.86
Transportation injuries	27	0.85	0.56–1.24	13	1.88	1.00–3.21	40	1.03	0.74–1.41
Falls	3	0.64	0.13–1.87	1	0.73	0.02–4.05	4	0.66	0.18–1.69
Other injury	36	1.35	0.94–1.86	6	0.95	0.35–2.08	42	1.27	0.92–1.72
Violence	53	1.21	0.90–1.58	12	1.58	0.81–2.75	65	1.26	0.97–1.61
Intentional self-harm	35	1.80	1.25–2.50	5	1.18	0.38–2.76	40	1.69	1.21–2.30
Assault and homicide	18	0.74	0.44–1.16	7	2.07	0.83–4.27	25	0.90	0.58–1.33
Other causes	23	1.05	0.66–1.57	9	0.74	0.34–1.41	32	0.94	0.64–1.33
Unknown cause of death	8			4			12

OBS, observed number of deaths; SMR, standardized mortality ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^aInternational Classification of Diseases codes were mapped to 119 cause of death categories as described on the NIOSH website at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ltas/pdf/niosh-119-table-2007.pdf. One major category (nonmalignant skin diseases) was omitted because no deaths occurred; some minor categories were also omitted.