. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Ind Med. 2016 Jun 27;59(8):630–643. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22622

TABLE IV.

Standardized Mortality Ratios and Standardized Rate Ratios for Selected Causes of Death Stratified by Quartiles of 10-Year Lagged Cumulative TDI Exposure^a^,^b

	Cumulative TDI exposure (in μg/m³-days)
	0–< 1,270			1,270–<3,800			3,800–<14,280			≥14,280
Cause of death	OBS	SMR Referent	95% CI	OBS	SMR SRR	95% CI	OBS	SMR SRR	95% CI	OBS	SMR SRR	95% CI	Trend slope, P-value
All causes	248	1.04	0.91–1.17	256	1.35	1.19–1.52	252	1.19	1.05–1.35	252	1.13	1.00–1.28
		Referent			1.49	1.12–1.99		1.13	0.91–1.41		1.08	0.87–1.35	2.74E-09, 0.96
All cancers	53	1.00	0.75–1.30	80	1.46	1.16–1.81	78	1.29	1.02–1.61	86	1.35	1.08–1.67
		Referent			1.77	1.12–2.81		1.31	0.88–1.95		1.49	1.00–2.24	2.60E-08, 0.34
Intestinal cancer	5	1.31	0.42–3.05	5	1.22	0.40–2.85	4	0.86	0.24–2.21	9	1.78	0.81–3.38
		Referent			1.30	0.33–5.16		1.11	0.26–4.74		1.95	0.55–6.91	4.16E-09, 0.014
Rectal cancer	2	2.21	0.27–7.98	2	2.17	0.26–7.83	1	0.99	0.02–5.50	0	0.00	0.00–3.55
		—			—	—		—	—		—	—
Larynx cancer	1	2.09	0.05–11.6	5	8.43	2.74–19.7	2	3.08	0.37–11.1	1	1.47	0.04–8.18
		Referent^c						0.38	0.08–1.87		0.28	0.03–2.36	−3.04E-09, 0.21
All lung cancer^d	20	1.45	0.89–2.25	31	1.87	1.27–2.65	33	1.78	1.23–2.50	33	1.66	1.14–2.34
		Referent			1.46	0.79–2.71		1.31	0.71–2.42		1.30	0.70–2.42	3.69E-09, 0.66
Male lung cancer^d	7	0.82	0.33–1.68	17	1.48	0.86–2.37	22	1.69	1.06–2.56	19	1.37	0.82–2.14
		Referent			1.77	0.70–4.45		1.95	0.80–4.75		1.51	0.60–3.80	5.32E-09, 0.71
Female lung cancer^d	13	2.51	1.34–4.30	14	2.76	1.51–4.63	11	1.99	0.99–3.57	14	2.34	1.28–3.93
		Referent			1.21	0.52–2.80		0.80	0.33–1.94		1.13	0.49–2.63	1.57E-09, 0.90
Breast cancer	4	0.68	0.18–1.73	6	1.36	0.50–2.96	7	1.56	0.63–3.21	6	1.38	0.51–3.00
		Referent			2.08	0.54–8.04		2.72	0.63–11.7		3.34	0.73–15.3	1.12E-08, 0.021
Cervical cancer	4	3.62	0.99–9.26	1	1.70	0.04–9.46	0	0.00	0.00–6.22	1	1.99	0.05–11.1
		—			—	—		—	—		—	—
Kidney cancer	0	0.00	0.00–3.27	1	0.78	0.02–4.32	3	2.10	0.43–6.13	1	0.69	0.02–3.87
		—			—	—		—	—		—	—
NHL	0	0.00	0.00–1.95	5	2.70	0.88–6.29	3	1.45	0.30–4.23	3	1.40	0.29–4.11
		Referent^c						1.04	0.24–4.46		1.11	0.26–4.80,	3.90E-10, <0.0001
Brain cancer	1	0.55	0.01–3.08	1	0.67	0.02–3.74	1	0.64	0.02–3.54	5	3.47	1.13–8.10
		Referent^c						1.09	0.10–12.2		7.08	1.35–37.1	3.77E-09, 0.29
Other/unspecified cancer^e	3	0.82	0.17–2.39	7	1.79	0.72–3.68	9	2.07	0.95–3.94	7	1.52	0.61–3.14
		Referent			2.38	0.46–12.4		2.66	0.53–13.3		2.09	0.39–11.1	2.79E-09, 0.51
Diabetes mellitus	8	1.39	0.60–2.73	7	1.14	0.46–2.35	12	1.74	0.90–3.03	10	1.35	0.65–2.48
		Referent			0.73	0.24–2.22		1.13	0.42–3.05		1.00	0.35–2.85	2.35E-09, 0.47
COPD	13	2.80	1.49–4.79	14	2.26	1.24–3.80	12	1.65	0.85–2.89	18	2.04	1.21–3.23
		Referent			0.60	0.23–1.59		0.60	0.22–1.65		0.64	0.26–1.59	–1.2E-09, 0.81
Intentional self-harm	18	1.81	1.07–2.86	5	1.22	0.40–2.85	9	2.18	1.00–4.13	2	0.64	0.08–2.31
		Referent			0.50	0.16–1.56		0.69	0.29–1.62		0.17	0.04–0.75	−1.10E-08, 0.0016

OBS, observed deaths; SMR, standardized mortality ratio; CI, confidence interval; SRR, standardized rate ratio; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Analysis is restricted to cohort members with cumulative TDI exposure estimates; SRRs are not reported when the total number of observed deaths was less than eight.

Quartiles of cumulative exposure are based on the exposure distribution among all decedents with cumulative TDI exposure estimates.

The referent category was 0–<3,800 μg/m³-days (i.e., the lowest two exposure categories combined).

Includes trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer.

Excludes cancers of the bone and eye and mesothelioma.