Table 1.

Summary of pharmacogenetic implementation metrics across seven TPP sites from 2011 to June 2015.

Metrics	Findings
Types of Pharmacogenetic Implementations	Clinical only (n = 2 sites) Research only (n = 3 sites) Clinical and research (n = 2 sites)
Triggers Prompting Pharmacogenetic Test Orders*	Reactive in select patients (e.g., a relevant drug or procedure is ordered for the patient) Preemptive in select patients (e.g., ordered for all patients presenting to a select clinical setting regardless of relevant drug use) Preemptive in all patients (e.g., ordered for all patients presenting to the healthcare system regardless of relevant drug use) Neither reactive nor preemptive (e.g., if test results were already available from a previous test, then they were used to guide therapy)
Target Patient Populations	Numerous (e.g., all patients [adults and children], drug-specific, disease-specific, high-risk ethnic groups [patients of Asian ancestry with an order for carbamazepine], etc.)
Clinical Settings	Numerous (e.g., inpatient and outpatient, cardiac catheterization lab, primary care, family medicine, internal medicine, cardiology, endocrinology, pediatric and adult gastroenterology, pediatric oncology, pediatric HIV, pediatric hematology, neurology, rheumatology, psychiatry, etc.)
Modes of Pharmacogenetic Test Order Entry	Electronic (CPOE; n = 6 sites) Paper (n = 1 site)
Roles of Ordering Providers	Physician only (n = 1 site) Research study physician only (n = 2 sites) Physician or nurse practitioner (n = 2 sites) Physician, nurse practitioner, physician assistant, or pharmacist (n = 1 site) Any provider with ordering authority (n = 1 site)
Options for Ordering Pharmacogenetic Test Prior to Drug Order*	Required Recommended
Types of Alerts Prompting Pharmacogenetic Test Order or Notification of Pharmacogenetic Test Results*	Active (i.e., alert and/or specific message sent) Passive (i.e., no alert or specific message sent; the test order or test result was available on demand) Active + passive
Persons Receiving Results*	Provider only Provider + patient
Total Number of Patients Tested	20,258 total across all seven sites (range = 208 – 14,752 by individual sites)
Percentage of Therapy Changes in Response to an Actionable Result†	Median = 48% (range = 36% – 100%)
Genotyping Platforms	Numerous (e.g., Affymetrix DMET™ Plus, Illumina VeraCode® ADME Core Panel, Sequenom iPLEX® ADME pharmacogenetic Panel, Life Technologies QuantStudio™ 12K Flex, GenMark Dx®, Life Technologies ViiA™ 7, polymerase chain reaction with allele-specific primer extension, customized arrays, etc.)
Genotyping Location*	On site Outsourced
Genotype Call Rates	All sites > 99%
Estimated Turn-Around-Time‡	Reactive testing: median = 2.6 days (range = 0.3 – 16 days) Preemptive testing: median = 14 days (range = 1 – 249 days)

^*Number of sites was not included because the counts are specific to each gene-drug pair, which may vary within a given site

^†Based on data that was available for CYP2C19-clopidogrel and TPMT-thiopurines from three sites

^‡Time between when pharmacogenetic test was ordered and when the pharmacogenetic test results were reported

CPIC = Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium; CPOE = computerized physician order entry; TPP = Translational Pharmacogenetics Program