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. 2017 Jul 17;8:468. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00468

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Copyright © 2017 Ladurner, Zehl, Grienke, Hofstadler, Faur, Pereira, Berry, Dirsch and Rollinger.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Concentration–response studies with plant extracts regarding TGR5 activity. HEK-293 cells were cotransfected with a TGR5 expression plasmid, a CRE luciferase reporter plasmid and an EGFP plasmid as internal control. Cells were treated with 10 μM lithocholic acid (LCA) as positive control or the indicated concentrations of (A) PdioE, (B) SaroE, or (C) KgalE for 18 h. The measured luciferase-derived luminescence was normalized to the obtained EGFP-derived fluorescence. Results are expressed as % activation compared to the reference LCA. Each bar represents the mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments performed in quadruplicate and evaluated by one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni post-test. ^∗∗∗p < 0.001, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗p < 0.05 compared with solvent vehicle control (DMSO), ns not significant versus DMSO.