Fig. 1.

Effects of redox alterations on proteasome status. Oxidative stress promotes redox alterations on cellular level that affect proteasome structure, assembly and function. The proteasome is also subjected to post-translational modifications itself (glutathionylation, carbonylation, lipoxidation and glycoxidation-placed randomly in the figure-) due to oxidative stress [54]. Various conditions and processes (i.e. aging, diseases, inflammation and environmental factors) promote redox alterations that affect the proteasome status. The active sites of the proteasome are depicted with stars in the β-subunits.