Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and echocardiographic parameters of the lead-exposed and control groups
| Characteristics | Lead-exposed group (n=68) | Control group (n=68) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 34.7±8.1 | 34.1±9.4 | 0.690 |
| Resting heart rate, bpm | 76.3±10.6 | 73.4±9.7 | 0.098 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.7±3.6 | 23.6±3.8 | 0.085 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 29 (42.6) | 22 (32.3) | 0.217 |
| Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dL | 141.0±26.0 | 136.8±19.9 | 0.294 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 64.5±3.7 | 64.5±3.1 | 0.980 |
| End-diastolic diameter, mm | 45.7±3.3 | 46.1±3.5 | 0.494 |
| End-systolic diameter, mm | 27.4±2.6 | 27.7±2.9 | 0.526 |
| Left atrial diameter, mm | 32.6±3.0 | 33.2±3.2 | 0.261 |
| RV diameter, mm | 25.1±2.4 | 25.8±2.7 | 0.112 |
| sPAP, mm Hg | 23.4±4.6 | 22.7±4.5 | 0.371 |
| E wave, cm/s | 74.5±18.6 | 80.1±19.8 | 0.093 |
| A wave, cm/s | 64.8±12.6 | 63.8±13.0 | 0.649 |
| DT, ms | 184.5±40.7 | 178.4±45.5 | 0.411 |
| IVRT, ms | 96.3±15.5 | 95.4±14.9 | 0.730 |
| Working duration, months | 45 [6 – 360] | – | – |
| Blood lead level, µg/dL | 40.5 [11.4 – 90] | 0.5 [0.1 – 0.8] | <0.001 |
| 24-hour urine lead level, µg/L | 34.9 [2.1 – 128] | 0.1 [0.1 – 0.9] | <0.001 |
DT - deceleration time; IVRT - isovolumic relaxation time; LV - left ventricle; RV - right ventricle; sPAP - systolic pulmonary arterial pressure. Numerical variables are expressed as mean±standard deviation or median (minimum–maximum)