Table 1.
Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with and without LAAT
| Parameter | Without LAAT (n=51) | With LAAT (n=36) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 65±13.5 | 70±7.5 | 0.14 |
| Gender, female, % | 24 (47) | 12 (33) | 0.27 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29 (26–33) | 28 (26–31) | 0.24 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 2±0.3 | 1.9±0.2 | 0.05 |
| Heart rate, BPM | 90±19 | 88±24 | 0.75 |
| AF, n, % | |||
| paroxysmal | 6 (12) | 1 (3) | 0.23 |
| persistent | 38 (75) | 31 (86) | 0.3 |
| permanent | 7 (14) | 4 (11) | 1 |
| CH2ADS2-VASc Score | 3.1±2.1 | 3.9±1.6 | 0.3 |
| <2, % | 10 (20) | 3 (8) | 0.22 |
| ≥2, % | 41 (80) | 33 (92) | 0.16 |
| Prior stroke or TIA, n, % | 2 (4) | 8 (22) | 0.01 |
| Hypertension, n, % | 42 (82) | 31 (86) | 0.86 |
| Heart failure, n, % | 19 (37) | 20 (56) | 0.13 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n, % | 36 (71) | 26 (72) | 0.94 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n, % | 22 (43) | 13 (36) | 0.66 |
| Coronary artery disease, n, % | 14 (27) | 18 (50) | 0.04 |
| Coronary artery bypass surgery, n, % | 3 (6) | 2 (6) | 1 |
| Post myocardial infarction, n, % | 9 (18) | 11 (31) | 0.2 |
| Smoking, n, % | 5 (10) | 3 (8) | 1 |
| Alcohol abuse, n, % | 4 (8) | 0 | 0.14 |
| Anticoagulation, n, % | 31 (61) | 24 (67) | 0.74 |
| Therapeutic anticoagulation, n, % | 23 (45) | 14 (39) | 0.66 |
| Acenocumarol, n, % | 15 (29) | 23 (64) | 0.002 |
| Warfarin, n, % | 2 (4) | 0 | 0.51 |
| Dabigatran, n, % | 7 (14) | 0 | 0.04 |
| Rivaroxaban, n, % | 7 (14) | 1 (3) | 0.13 |
| LVEF, % | 50 (40–58) | 38 (28–53) | 0.001 |
| preserved | 26 (51) | 14 (39) | 0.4 |
| mid-range | 17 (33) | 3 (8) | 0.009 |
| decreased | 8 (16) | 19 (53) | 0.0004 |
| iLV mass, g/m2 | 123±32 | 139±38 | 0.04 |
| LAA emptying velocity, cm/s | 48±17 | 26±10 | 0.0001 |
| LA anteroposterior diameter, mm/m2 | 24 (22–27) | 26 (24–28) | 0.07 |
| iLA area, cm2/m2 | 12 (10–13) | 14 (11–15) | 0.03 |
| iLA volume min, mL/m2 | 28 (22–37) | 34 (28–39) | 0.02 |
| iLA volume max, mL/m2 | 38 (31–48) | 45 (38–54) | 0.04 |
| LA total emptying fraction, % | 26±10 | 24±7 | 0.34 |
| LS-4Ch, % | 12.2±6.7 | 9.5±5.9 | 0.05 |
| LS-2CH, % | 13.2±7.1 | 9±4.6 | 0.002 |
| LS, % | 12.5±6.2 | 9.1±4.6 | 0.006 |
| LSSR-4CH, 1/s | 0.8±0.3 | 0.6±0.3 | 0.04 |
| LSSR-2CH, 1/s | 0.8±0.3 | 0.6±0.3 | 0.002 |
| LSSR, 1/s | 0.8±0.2 | 0.6±0.3 | 0.01 |
| LESR-4CH, 1/s | -1.1±0.6 | -0.7±0.4 | 0.0005 |
| LESR-2CH, 1/s | -1.1±0.5 | -0.8±0.5 | 0.01 |
| LESR, 1/s | -1.1±0.5 | -0.8±0.4 | 0.0009 |
Results are shown as mean±standard deviation, median (25th–75th percentiles) or numbers (percentages). 2CH - two-chamber; 4CH –four chamber, AF - atrial fibrillation; BPM - beats per minute; iLA - parameter indexed to body surface area; LA -left atrial; LAAT -left atrial appendage thrombus; LESR -average LA longitudinal early-diastoli strain rate; LS -average peak positive longitudinal systolic atrial strain; LSSR – average LA longitudinal systolic strain rate; LV - left ventricular; LVEF - left ventricular ejection fraction; TIA - transient ischemic attack