(A) FSEM observation of enamel surface after deproteinization showed the enamel rod and inter-rod enamel ((A), upper), which was schemed in (A), middle. The lower in (A) describes the procedure of biopanning from phage pool against the enamel surface; (B) 32 monoclones of phage from the original pool and the fourth-round panning was chosen to determine their affinity against the enamel surface through output/input assay. The peptide sequences and physicochemical properties of RP (random phage from phage pool), ELBP (low affinity to enamel) and EHBP (high affinity to enamel) displayed by selected cloned phages E-1, E-6 and E-32, respectively.