Table 2.
Characteristics of health facility setting, services, staffing, and staffing workloads, and mean performance scores of 60 health facilities offering PMTCT services in Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, and Mozambique.
| Characteristic | n (%)a | mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|
| Setting | ||
| Country | ||
| Côte d’Ivoire | 20 (33) | 0.32 (0.28) |
| Kenya | 20 (33) | 0.67 (0.29) |
| Mozambique | 20 (33) | 0.49 (0.30) |
| Location | ||
| Rural | 18 (30) | 0.47 (0.36) |
| Urban | 36 (60) | 0.49 (0.31) |
| Peri-urban | 6 (10) | 0.55 (0.33) |
| Number of NGOs supporting facility | ||
| 0 | 13 (22) | 0.42 (0.30) |
| 1 | 16 (27) | 0.52 (0.28) |
| ≥2 | 31 (52) | 0.51 (0.35) |
| Year of PMTCT initiation | ||
| Before 2005 | 11 (19) | 0.63 (0.34) |
| 2005–2008 | 35 (59) | 0.51 (0.28) |
| After 2008 | 13 (22) | 0.28 (0.31) |
| Missing | 1 | 0.96 (n/a) |
| Distance to reference lab | ||
| <5 km | 20 (35) | 0.55 (0.28) |
| 5−<15 km | 10 (18) | 0.45 (0.26) |
| 15−<25 km | 8 (14) | 0.54 (0.37) |
| 25+ km | 19 (33) | 0.40 (0.36) |
| Missing | 3 | 0.74 (0.32) |
| Air conditioning | ||
| No | 38 (63) | 0.42 (0.31) |
| Yes | 22 (37) | 0.62 (0.29) |
| Pima CD4 machine on site | ||
| No | 40 (70) | 0.51 (0.29) |
| Yes | 17 (30) | 0.40 (0.38) |
| Missing | 3 | 0.80 (0.20) |
| Services | ||
| Linkages with the communityb | ||
| No | 12 (21) | 0.51 (0.25) |
| Yes | 47 (82) | 0.48 (0.33) |
| Missing | 3 | 0.97 (0) |
| Active tracing of women/children lost to follow-up | ||
| No | 11 (18) | 0.50 (0.31) |
| Yes | 49 (82) | 0.49 (0.32) |
| Support group for HIV-positive mothers | ||
| No | 18 (30) | 0.42 (0.29) |
| Yes | 42 (70) | 0.52 (0.33) |
| CD4 testing on site | ||
| No | 42 (71) | 0.41 (0.32) |
| Yes | 17 (29) | 0.66 (0.22) |
| Missing | 1 | 0.97 (n/a) |
| Stockouts of determine in ANC | ||
| No | 51 (88) | 0.48 (0.33) |
| Yes | 7 (12) | 0.47 (0.23) |
| Missing | 2 | 0.75 (0.27) |
| Stockouts of AZT in ANC | ||
| No | 53 (88) | 0.51 (0.32) |
| Yes | 7 (12) | 0.35 (0.33) |
| Lag in receipt of CD4 blood draw results | ||
| <1 day | 13 (25) | 0.59 (0.29) |
| 1−<30 days | 7 (13) | 0.73 (0.23) |
| 30−<45 days | 17 (33) | 0.41 (0.33) |
| 45+ days | 15 (29) | 0.39 (0.32) |
| Missing | 8 | 0.49 (0.33) |
| Staffing levels | ||
| Nurses | ||
| 0–1 | 10 (18) | 0.71 (0.28) |
| 2 | 9 (16) | 0.32 (0.36) |
| 3–5 | 12 (21) | 0.18 (0.21) |
| 6–9 | 12 (21) | 0.55 (0.23) |
| ≥10 | 14 (25) | 0.60 (0.24) |
| Missing | 3 | 0.81 (0.20) |
| Physicians | ||
| 0 | 8 (13) | 0.18 (0.26) |
| 1–2 | 28 (47) | 0.43 (0.29) |
| 3–9 | 12 (20) | 0.73 (0.20) |
| ≥10 | 12 (20) | 0.61 (0.32) |
| Other health workers | ||
| 0 | 16 (27) | 0.40 (0.28) |
| 1–2 | 20 (33) | 0.37 (0.32) |
| 3–7 | 10 (17) | 0.67 (0.25) |
| ≥8 | 14 (23) | 0.65 (0.31) |
| All health workers | ||
| 1–2 | 10 (18) | 0.38 (0.33) |
| 3–6 | 10 (18) | 0.15 (0.17) |
| 7–13 | 14 (25) | 0.58 (0.30) |
| 14–25 | 11 (19) | 0.50 (0.28) |
| ≥26 | 12 (21) | 0.67 (0.25) |
| Missing | 3 | 0.81 (0.20) |
| Staffing workloads | ||
| ANC1 visits per nurse | ||
| <8.2 | 11 (20) | 0.43 (0.39) |
| 8.2−<13 | 11 (20) | 0.56 (0.27) |
| 13−<20.8 | 11 (20) | 0.48 (0.31) |
| 20.8−<31.8 | 11 (20) | 0.32 (0.26) |
| ≥31.8 | 12 (21) | 0.58 (0.32) |
| Missing/undefinedc | 4 | 0.68 (0.31) |
| ANC1 visits per physician | ||
| <8.3 | 10 (19) | 0.72 (0.27) |
| 8.3−<23.5 | 11 (21) | 0.63 (0.32) |
| 23.5−<48.7 | 10 (19) | 0.45 (0.35) |
| 48.7−<86.4 | 11 (21) | 0.38 (0.27) |
| ≥86.4 | 11 (21) | 0.47 (0.29) |
| Missing/undefinedd | 7 | 0.20 (0.27) |
| ANC1 visits per other health workers | ||
| <9.8 | 8 (18) | 0.86 (0.15) |
| 9.8−<18.7 | 9 (20) | 0.52 (0.28) |
| 18.7−<32.7 | 9 (20) | 0.36 (0.41) |
| 32.7−<66.7 | 9 (20) | 0.40 (0.26) |
| ≥66.7 | 9 (20) | 0.53 (0.30) |
| Missing/undefinede | 16 | 0.40 (0.28) |
| ANC1 visits per all health workers | ||
| <4.0 | 11 (19) | 0.67 (0.32) |
| 4.0–<5.4 | 11 (19) | 0.53 (0.31) |
| 5.4–<9.6 | 12 (21) | 0.42 (0.35) |
| 9.6–<19.0 | 11 (19) | 0.42 (0.29) |
| ≥19.0 | 12 (21) | 0.34 (0.26) |
| Missing/undefinedf | 3 | 0.81 (0.20) |
ANC: antenatal care; ANC1: first antenatal care visit; NGO: non-governmental organization; PMTCT: prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; SD: standard deviation; AZT: zidovudine.
Variables for staffing levels and staffing workloads were modeled using quintiles (excepting variables for which the distribution of the data did not yield five equal groups). Performance score was defined as the product of two proportions: the proportion of pregnant women tested for HIV in first antenatal care visit, and the proportion of HIV-positive pregnant women who received dual or triple antiretroviral medications.
Percentage excludes unknowns, if any.
Outreach service provision, campaigns, education session, or community meetings.
Missing for three facilities with missing values for total number of nurses, and undefined for one facility with no nurses.
Undefined for seven facilities with no physicians.
Undefined for 16 facilities with no other health workers.
Missing for three facilities with missing values for total number of nurses.