Table 2.
Overview of maternal characteristics, prevalence of analgesic use and associations between maternal characteristics and analgesic use
| Study sample | Prevalence of analgesic use | Associations between possible predictors and analgesic use | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | n (% of n) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Maternal age at delivery | ||||
| < 25 | 165 | 77 (46.7) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| 25–30 | 588 | 304 (51.7) | ||
| 31–35 | 768 | 385 (50.1) | ||
| > 35 | 446 | 205 (46.0) | ||
| Parity | ||||
| First time mother | 988 | 450 (45.6) | 1 | 1 |
| ≥ 1 previous child | 993 | 527 (53.1) | 1.37 (1.13–1.65) | 1.38(1.11–1.72) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/cohabiting | 1910 | 947 (49.6) | 1 | 1 |
| Single/divorced/separated | 44 | 19 (43.2) | 0.74 (0.40–1.39) | 0.62 (0.32–1.21) |
| Education | ||||
| College/university | 1294 | 609 (47.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Primary/secondary school | 606 | 332 (54.8) | 1.27 (1.04–1.56) | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) |
| Smoking at time of delivery | ||||
| No | 1841 | 893 (48.5) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 76 | 52 (68.4) | 2.25 (1.35–3.75) | 1.89 (1.09–3.28) |
| Alcohol in pregnancy | ||||
| No | 1866 | 918 (49.2) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 82 | 46 (56.1) | 1.41 (0.87–2.28) | 1.60 (0.95–2.69) |
| Symptoms of depression or anxiety in pregnancy | ||||
| No | 1684 | 806 (47.9) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 291 | 170 (58.4) | 1.41 (1.07–1.84) | 0.86 (0.63–1.18) |
| Chronic diseases | ||||
| None | 831 | 381 (45.8) | 1 | 1 |
| 1 disease | 747 | 368 (49.3) | 1.10 (0.89–1.35) | 1.08 (0.86–1.35) |
| ≥ 2 diseases | 392 | 223 (56.9) | 1.45 (1.12–1.88) | 1.36 (1.03–1.79) |
| Pregnancy related diseases | ||||
| None | 1777 | 878 (49.4) | 1 | 1 |
| ≥ 1 disease | 191 | 93 (48.7) | 0.91 (0.66–1.24) | 0.86 (0–62–1.21) |
| Somatic symptoms | ||||
| None | 182 | 59 (32.4) | 1.15 (1.10–1.20) | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) |
| 1–2 symptoms | 729 | 329 (45.1) | ||
| 3–4 symptoms | 658 | 339 (51.5) | ||
| ≥ 5 symptoms | 412 | 250 (60.7) | ||
| Headache intensity | ||||
| Low | 741 | 257 (34.7) | 1.42 (1.33–1.50) | 1.33 (1.25–1.43) |
| Moderate | 979 | 593 (60.6) | ||
| High | 183 | 120 (65.6) | ||
| Migraine pattern | ||||
| No history | 1362 | 596 (43.8) | 1 | 1 |
| Previous history | 227 | 120 (52.9) | 1.36 (1.01–1.83) | 1.09 (0.80–1.49) |
| Recent history prior to pregnancy | 262 | 172 (65.6) | 2.33 (1.74–3.13) | 1.59 (1.16–2.18) |
| Migraine in pregnancy | 100 | 72 (72.0) | 3.35 (2.07–5.41) | 1.56 (0.93–2.63) |
Numbers do not add up to the total due to missing values (<5.0% for all variables). Complete cases n = 1721. Area under ROC curve = 0.69. Adj. ORs are adjusted for all covariates in the table. Significant associations are marked in bold. Maternal age, somatic symptoms and headache intensity were analyzed as continuous variables. Analgesics include paracetamol, NSAIDs, opioids and triptans, used for either headache or migraine