Table 3.

Predictors of depressive symptoms (GDS): Results of fixed effects regression (Follow-up waves 2–5)

Independent variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	Depressive symptoms – Total sample	Depressive symptoms - Women	Depressive symptoms - Men	Depressive symptoms - Interaction
Increasing age	0.0711***	0.0416*	0.0978***	0.0710***
	(0.0118)	(0.0164)	(0.0184)	(0.0119)
Loss of spouse	0.101	0.128	0.0557	0.103
	(0.164)	(0.219)	(0.243)	(0.164)
Onset of social engagement once a week (Ref.: No social engagement)	−0.346**	−0.389**	−0.250+	−0.381**
	(0.106)	(0.144)	(0.132)	(0.145)
Onset of social engagement several times a week	−0.274**	−0.307*	−0.175	−0.307*
	(0.106)	(0.128)	(0.186)	(0.127)
Onset of daily social engagement	−0.219	−0.329	−0.100	−0.310
	(0.209)	(0.305)	(0.266)	(0.302)
Interaction: Gender x onset of social engagement once a week				0.109
				(0.198)
Gender x onset of social engagement several times a week				0.0921
				(0.224)
Interaction: Gender x onset of daily social engagement				0.225
				(0.407)
Decreasing functional impairment (IADL)	−0.155***	−0.205***	−0.0916**	−0.155***
	(0.0238)	(0.0350)	(0.0287)	(0.0239)
Comorbidity (Weighted score)	0.0310**	0.0345*	0.0215	0.0310**
	(0.0102)	(0.0139)	(0.0141)	(0.0102)
Constant	−2.600*	0.399	−5.519***	−2.601*
	(1.008)	(1.471)	(1.516)	(1.013)
Observations	7010	4658	2352	7010
R2	0.046	0.054	0.035	0.046
Number of Individuals	2391	1572	819	2391

Comments: Beta-Coefficients were reported; Cluster-robust standard errors in parentheses. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, + p < 0.10. Observations with missing values were dropped (listwise deletion)