Table 2.

Multilevel linear regression model of the relationship between gentrification and collective efficacy adjusted for neighborhood and socio-demographic characteristics

	β	(95% CI)	P value
Constant	29.33	(25.50, 33.16)	0.00
Age	−0.01	(−0.04, 0.01)	0.31
Sex (ref. male)
Female	−1.08	(−1.70, −0.46)	0.00
Language (ref. first language is French)
First language is not French	−1.09	(−1.75, −0.43)	0.00
Education (ref. bachelor’s degree)
High school or less	0.46	(−0.40, 1.31)	0.30
Post-secondary education of a lower level than a bachelor’s degree	0.61	(−0.13, 1.34)	0.11
Neighborhood poverty	0.09	(−0.30, 0.47)	0.66
Household income	−0.85	(−1.56, −0.14)	0.02
Tenure (ref. owner)
Renter	2.62	(1.88, 3.37)	0.00
Number of years lived in dwelling	−0.03	(−0.07, 0.02)	0.20
Gentrification (ref. no)
Yes	1.54	(0.16, 2.93)	0.03
Random effects
Tract variance	2.43	(1.32, 4.50)	0.01

Significance level: P = 0.05