Table 3.

Multilevel linear regression model for the relationship between type of resident and collective efficacy adjusted for neighborhood and socio-demographic characteristics

	β	95% CI	P Value
Constant	31.09	(27.13, 35.06)	0.00
Age	−0.02	(−0.04, 0.01)	0.18
Sex (ref. male)
Female	−1.09	(−1.72, −0.47)	0.00
Education (ref. Bachelor’s degree)
Highschool or less	0.44	(−0.42, 1.30)	0.31
Post-secondary education of a lower level than a bachelor’s degree	0.59	(−0.14, 1.32)	0.12
Neighborhood poverty	0.08	(−0.30, 0.47)	0.67
Type of resident (ref. Moved into a gentrifying neighborhood)
Original resident of a gentrifying neighborhood	−1.25	(−3.36, 0.85)	0.24
Moved into a neighborhood that did not gentrify	−1.72	(−3.15, −0.29)	0.02
Original resident of a neighborhood that did not gentrify	−1.96	(−3.54, −0.37)	0.02
Household income	−0.86	(−1.57, −0.15)	0.02
First language (ref. first language is French)
First language is not French	−1.10	(−1.76, −0.44)	0.00
Tenure (ref. owner)
Renter	2.69	(1.96, 3.42)	0.00
Random effects
Tract variance	2.44	(1.32, 4.51)	0.00

Significance level: P = 0.05