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β cells were incubated for 24 h with or without palmitate and AE treatment, and then analyzed using Western blot. The phosphorylated or total protein levels of PI3K and Bax were calculated as a percentage compared to the control group. Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 3) and analyzed using ANOVA. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, compared to the controls. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, compared to palmitate treatment.
