Table 1. Clinical characteristics of study participants according to group.
| Patient Characteristic | Lean (n = 99) | Obese (n = 93) | Type 2 diabetes (n = 94) | P-Values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 20.6 (2.1) | 21.1 (2.4) | 20.4 (2.2) | 0.10 |
| Sex (n, % female) | 58 (59) | 53 (57) | 56 (60) | 0.94 |
| Race¥ | 0.02 | |||
| Caucasian(%) | 56 | 47 | 37 | |
| African-American (%) | 44 | 53 | 62 | |
| Other (%) | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| Medications | ||||
| Insulin (%) | 0 | 0 | 40 | |
| Oral hypoglycemic (%) | 0 | 0 | 46 | |
| Estrogen containing (%) | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0.19 |
| Height (cm) | 170.3 ± 7.9 | 170.7 ± 9.3 | 169.8 ± 9.7 | 0.75 |
| Weight (Kg)* | 65 (58, 76) | 87.5 (75, 100) | 107 (83, 126) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2)# | 22 (20.7, 24.6) | 30 (27.4, 34.1) | 35.4 (30.9, 42.9) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)# | 114 (108, 121) | 118 (111, 124) | 121 (114, 130) | 0.0003 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 69 ± 7 | 71 ± 6 | 69 ± 13 | 0.07 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.7 ± 3.1 | |||
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 72 ± 10 | |||
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL)* | 87 (82, 91) | 90 (85, 93) | 134 (98, 246) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting Insulin (mU/mL)# | 11.9 (8.9, 16.0) | 16.6 (12.4, 21.2) | 17.1 (12.3, 25.9) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)* | 160 (141, 183) | 156 (143, 181) | 177 (157, 216) | <0.0001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)# | 89.5 (75, 108) | 88 (77, 109) | 112 (90, 137) | <0.0001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)# | 53 (44, 64) | 50 (45, 58) | 42 (37, 51) | <0.0001 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)# | 108 (89, 129) | 104 (89, 129) | 136 (112, 170) | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)# | 80 (57, 105) | 72 (57, 99) | 99 (70, 165) | <0.0001 |
| CRP (mg/dL)# | 0.5 (0.2, 1.6) | 1.2 (0.8, 3.0) | 3.5 (1, 6.8) | <0.0001 |
| PCSK9 (ng/mL)# | 239 (210, 312) | 284 (229, 363) | 288 (226, 391) | 0.002 |
Values are mean ± SD or median (Interquartile Range).
¥
Comparisons between groups using Fisher's Exact Test.
*
Indicates non-normally distributed data; Kruskal-Wallis Test was used for comparisons between groups.
#
Indicates data that was log transformed to achieve normality; one way ANOVA was used for comparisons between groups.