Table 3.
Univariate analysis of risk factors for cirrhosis, cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and non-cirrhotic HCC among chronic hepatitis B virus carriers
| Baseline characteristics | Crude odds ratio (95% Confidence interval) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Cases developed cirrhosis/cirrhotic-HCC in 9 years of follow-up | Cases developed non-cirrhotic-HCC in 4 years of follow-up | |||
|
| ||||
| Cirrhosis vs. control | Cirrhotic HCC vs. cirrhosis only | Cirrhotic HCC vs. control | Non-cirrhotic HCC vs. control | |
| Cigarette smoking | ||||
| No | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Yes | 1.12 (0.79–1.57) | 1.22 (0.66–2.25) | 1.26 (0.76–2.10) | 1.71 (0.72–4.10) |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||
| No | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Yes | 0.93 (0.57–1.51) | 1.47 (0.62–3.49) | 1.16 (0.59–2.31) | 3.19 (1.24–8.22)* |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| <27 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | N.A. |
| ≥27 | 1.03 (0.68–1.55) | 0.51 (0.23–1.14) | 0.66 (0.33–1.33) | N.A. |
| Family history of HCC | ||||
| No | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Yes | 1.37 (0.69–2.75) | 1.19 (0.36–3.90) | 1.52 (0.57–4.08) | 3.15 (0.88–11.31) |
| Serum alanine ALT level (U/L) | ||||
| <45 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| ≥45 | 5.06 (2.92–8.78)*** | 0.66 (0.29–1.50) | 3.87 (1.77–8.47)** | 6.90 (2.34–20.34)*** |
| Anti-HCV | ||||
| Negative | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Positive | 1.18 (0.65–2.15) | 0.74 (0.25–2.23) | 0.97 (0.37–2.53) | 0.62 (0.08–4.76) |
| HBeAg seropositivity | ||||
| No | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Yes | 4.92 (3.34–7.27)*** | 1.12 (0.60–2.10) | 5.29 (3.04–9.20)*** | 2.36 (0.83–6.75) |
| HBsAg level (IU/mL) | ||||
| <1000 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| ≥1000 | 4.61 (3.02–7.06)*** | 0.39 (0.17–0.89)* | 2.44 (1.24–4.82)* | 1.00 (0.24–4.23) |
| HBV DNA level (copies/mL) | ||||
| <10000 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| ≥10000 | 11.02 (6.83–17.78)*** | 1.31 (0.50–3.43) | 13.21 (5.85–29.85)*** | 4.53 (1.38–14.89)* |
| AFB1-albumin adducts (fmol/mg) | ||||
| Undetectable | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) |
| Low (<21.5) | 1.36 (0.82–2.24) | 1.98 (0.68–5.77) | 2.23 (0.86–5.78) | 1.96 (0.38–10.26) |
| High (≥21.5) | 2.29 (1.44–3.64)** | 3.12 (1.17–8.35)* | 4.98 (2.07–11.96)** | 4.75 (1.06–21.19)* |
| (p-value for trend) | <0.0001 | 0.0072 | <0.0001 | 0.0063 |
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001.