Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of TTC patients show that male sex is an independent predictor of adverse outcome, all-cause mortality after 5 years
| Variable | Univariate analysis
|
Multivariate analysisa
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P-value | HR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Male | 2.6 | 1.2–5.7 | 0.01 | 2.8 | 1.1–7.2 | 0.02 |
| CRP | 1.0 | 1.0–1.0 | <0.01 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.0 | 0.36 |
| GFR ≤60 mL/min | 2.5 | 1.2–5.1 | 0.01 | 3.1 | 1.4–7.0 | <0.01 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 4.1 | 2.0–8.4 | <0.01 | 3.8 | 0.6–23.4 | 0.13 |
| EF ≤35% | 4.8 | 2.2–104 | <0.01 | 3.3 | 1.2–9.2 | 0.01 |
| Emotional stress | 0.4 | 0.1–1.1 | 0.10 | |||
| Inotropic drugs | 3.9 | 1.9–7.9 | <0.01 | 0.4 | 0.0–2.8 | 0.40 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.0 | 0.7–1.4 | 0.81 | |||
| Type II | ||||||
| Hypertension | 0.9 | 0.7–1.2 | 0.64 | |||
| Apical ballooning | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | 0.39 | |||
| History of cancer | 1.7 | 0.7–4.2 | 0.21 | |||
| Smoking | 0.7 | 0.3–1.6 | 0.49 | |||
Note:
a
Only the following variables with significant effects in univariate analysis were analyzed by multivariate Cox regression: male, CRP, GFR ≤60 mL/min, cardiogenic shock, EF ≤35% and inotropic drugs.
Abbreviations: TTC, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy; HR, hazard ratio; CRP, C-reactive protein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; EF, ejection fraction.