Table 1.
Regulatory genes involved in pathway-specific regulation
| Regulatory gene(s) | Gene(s) from | Product(s) of regulation | Function | Notes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| actII-ORF4 | S. coelicolor | ACT | + | Encodes a SARP | Fernández-Moreno et al. (1991) |
| mmyR | S. coelicolor | Methylenomycin | − | A gene adjacent to mmyR provides positive regulation | Arias et al. (1999) |
| cdaR | S. coelicolor | Mmy and CDA | + | Encodes a SARP | Bibb (2005) |
| redD and redX | S. coelicolor | RED | + | Encode SARPs, and the transcription of redX regulates the transcription of redD | Romero-Rodríguez et al. (2015), Takano et al. (1992) and Wilson et al. (2001) |
| gdmRI and gdmRII | S. hygroscopicus 179977 | Geldanamycin | + | Regulate the transcription of pks, gdmF and gdnA, which are involved in biosynthesis of geldanamycin | (He et al. 2008) |
| tylR, tylS, tylP, tylQ tylT and tylU | S. fradiae | Tylosin |
tylR, tylS, tyl T and tylU: + tylQ: − |
tylT and tylS encode SARPs, and TylP is similar to γ-butyrolactone receptor proteins | Bate et al. (1999, 2006) and Stratigopoulos and Cundliffe (2002) |
| aveR, aveR1, aveR2 and aveT | S. avermitilis | Avermectin | + | aveR contains a HTH motif; AveT belongs to the TetR family and activates transcription of aveR | Ikeda et al. (2003) |
| alpT, alpU, alpV, alpW and alpZ | S. ambofaciens | Alpomycin | alpT, alpU, and alpV: +; alpW: − | alpT, alpU and alpV encode SARPs, alpW encodes a transcriptional repressor protein, and alpZ encodes a γ-butyrolactone receptor protein | Aigle et al. (2005) |
| ccaR | S. clavuligerus | Cephamycin C and clavulanic acid | + | Encodes a SARP | Pérez-Llarena et al. (1997) |
| pimR | S. natalensis | Pimaricin | + | Encodes a LuxR family protein, does not regulate its own transcription | Antón et al. (2004) |
| pikD | S. venezuelae | Pikromycin | + | Encodes a LuxR family protein | Xue et al. (1998) |
| monH, monRI and monRII | S. cinnamonensis | Monensin | + | MonH is similar to PikD, and monRI encodes a SARP | Oliynyk et al. (2003) |
| spbR | S. pristinaespiralis | Pristinamycin | + | SpbR is a γ-butyrolactone receptor | Mast et al. (2015) |
| papR1-R5 | S. pristinaespiralis | Pritinamycin | papR1, papR2 and papR4: +; papR3 and papR5: − | PapR1, PapR2, and PapR4 are SARPs, and PapR3 and PapR5 belong to the TetR family | Mast et al. (2015) |
| jadR* and jadR3 | S. venezuelae | Jadomycin B | − | JadR* is a TetR-like protein, and JadR3 represses jadR2 and jadR3 but activates jadR1 | Yang et al. (2001), Zhang et al. (2013) and Zou et al. (2014) |
| nysRI-RIII | S. noursei ATCC | Nystatin | + | Deletion of nysRI abolishes the transcription of nysRII-III | Sekurova et al. (2004) |
| amph RI- RIII | S. nodosus | Amphotericin | + | All contain a HTH motif in C-terminal | Carmody et al. (2004) |
| fscRI-RIII | S. pp. FR008 | Candicidin | + | Encodes a LuxR family protein | Chen et al. (2003) |
| dnrI, dnrO and dnrN | S. peucetius | Daunorubicin | dnrI: +; dnrO: −; dnrN: + | DnrN is a RR belonging to the Uhp-LuxR superfamily and activates the transcription of dnrI, and DnrO positively controls dnrN | Otten et al. (2000) and Parajuli and Moon (2002) |
| strR | S. griseus | Streptomycin | + | Regulates streptomycin by activating the expression of strA and strB | Distler et al. (1987) |
| rapH, rapG and rapY | S. hygroscopicus | Rapamycin |
rapH, rapG: + rapY: − |
RapG and RapY each contain a HTH motif, and RapH contains a DNA-binding motif and an ATP-binding site | Yoo et al. (2015) |
| srrX, srrY, srrZ and srrB | S. rochei | Lankamycin and lancadicin |
srrX and ssrY: + for both ssrZ: + for lankamycin srrB: − for both |
srrY and srrZ encode SARPs, and ssrY positively regulates ssrZ | Arakawa et al. (2007) and Suzuki et al. (2010) |
| scbR and scbR2 | S. coelicolor | ACT, RED, CDA and yCPK | ACT, CDA and RED: + yCPK: − |
ScbR is a γ-butyrolactone receptor protein, and ScbR2 is an antibiotic receptor protein | Li et al. (2015a) |
| polR and polY | S. cacaoi | Polyoxin | + | Both encode SARPs, and the transcription of polR is positively regulated by polY | Hwang et al. (2003) |
| aur1PR3 and aur1PR4 | S. aureofaciens | Auricin | + | Both encode SARPs, aur1PR3 is controlled by Aur1R, and Aur1P directly regulates the expression of aur1PR4 | Rehakova et al. (2013) |
| barA, barB and varR, | S. virginiae | Virginiamycin | − | BarA, BarB and VarR are TetR-like regulators, and the transcription of barB is tightly repressed by BarA | Matsuno et al. (2003), Nakano et al. (2000) and Namwat et al. (2001) |
| vmsS, vmsT and vmsR | S. virginiae | Virginiamycin M and virginiamycin S | vmsS and vmsR: + for virginiamycin M and virginiamycin S; vmsT: − for virginiamycin M | VmsS and VmsR are SARPs, and VmsT is a RR of a TCS | Pulsawat et al. (2009) |
| aur1R | S. aureofaciens | Auricin | − | aur1R encodes a homolog of the TetR family, and Aur1R represses the expression of aur1P | Novakova et al. (2010) |
| fdmR1 | S. griseus | Fredericamycin | + | Encodes a homologue of SARPs | Chen et al. (2008) |
| thnI | S. cattleya | Thienamycin | + | ThnI resembles LysR-type transcriptional activators and contains a HTH motif | Rodríguez et al. (2008) |
| thnU | S. cattleya | Cephamycin C | + | Encodes a SARP | Rodríguez et al. (2008) |
| asuR1, asuR2, asuR4 and asuR6 | S. nodosus | Asukamycin | + | AsuR1 and AsuR6 belong to the LuxR family, AsuR2 belongs to the TetR family, and asuR5 encodes a SARP | Xie et al. (2012) |
| farR3 and farR4 | S. lavendulae FRI-5 | Indigoidine |
farR3: + farR4: − |
Both encode SARPs, FarR3 positively controls the biosynthesis of indigoidine, and FarR4 negatively controls the expression of farX, farA, farR1 and farR2 | Kitani et al. (2008) and Kurniawan et al. (2014) |
| papR6 | S. pristinaespiralis | Pritinamycin II | + | PapR6 is an orphan RR | Dun et al. (2015) and Mast et al. (2015) |
| redZ | S. coelicolor | RED | + | Encodes a NarL-type RR, and the transcription of redD depends on redZ and the translation of redZ depends on bldA | Guthrie et al. (1998) and Wang et al. (2009) |
| ssaA | Streptomyces sp. strain SS | Sansanmycin | + | SsaA has a N-terminal fork head-associated (FHA) domain and a C-terminal LuxR-type HTH motif | Li et al. (2013) |
| vlmI | S. viridifaciens | Valanimycin | + | vlmI encodes a SARP and can complement a redD mutation; | Garg and Parry (2010) |
| nanR1, nanR2 and nanR4 | S. nanchangensis | Nanchangmycin |
nanR1, nanR2: + nanR4: − |
nanR1 and nanR2 encode SARPs, and nanR4 is an AraC-family transcriptional regulator and represses the transcription of nanR1 and nanR2 | Yu et al. (2012) |
+ Represents positive regulation, − represents negative regulation