Table 2.
Regulatory genes involved in pleiotropic regulation
| Regulatory gene(s) | Gene(s) from | Product(s) of regulation | Function | Notes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a) | |||||
| afsQ1/afsQ2 | S. lividans | ACT | + | Ishizuka et al. (1992) | |
| afsK/afsR | S. coelicolor and S. griseus | ACT | + | AfsR is the transcriptional activator of afsS, which can activate actII-ORF4 |
Atsushi et al. (1994) |
| afsR-p/afsS | S. peucetius | Adriamycin | + | Parajuli et al. (2005) | |
| cutR/cutS | S. coelicolor and S. lividans | ACT | − | Chang et al. (1996) | |
| ecrA1/ecrA2 and ecrE2/ecrE1 | S. coelicolor | RED | + | Coordinates with the expression of redD | Huang et al. (2001) |
| orfX/orf41 | S. avermitilis | Avermectin | + | orfX exerts regulation by itself or by the collaboration of orf41 with orfX | Hwang et al. (2003) |
| phoR/phoP | S. coelicolor and S. lividans | ACT and RED | − | PhoP belongs to the Ormp family | Sola-Landa et al. (2003) |
| valP/valQ | S. hygroscopicus 5008 | Validamycin | Bai et al. (2006) | ||
| absA1/absA2 | S. coelicolor | CDA, yCPK and albaflavenone | − | Sheeler et al. (2005) | |
| rapR/rapS | S. hygroscopicus | Rapamycin | − | RapS represses the expression of rapY | Yoo et al. (2015) |
| rapA1/rapA2 | S. coelicolor | ACT and yCPK | + | The regulation of RapA1/A2 depends on ActII-ORF4 and KasO | Lu et al. (2007) |
| draK/R | S. coelicolor | ACT, yCPK and RED | ACT: + RED and yCPK: − |
DraR binds to the promoter regions of actII-ORF4 and cpkO | Rodríguez et al. (2013) |
| abrA1/A2 | S. coelicolor | ACT, CDA and RED | − | Yepes et al. (2011) | |
| SCO0203/0204 | S. coelicolor | ACT | − | Wang et al. (2009b) | |
| ohkA | S. coelicolor | ACT, CDA and RED | − | No identified RR matches OhkA | Lu et al. (2011) |
| aur1P | S. aureofaciens | Auricin | + | aur1P encodes a protein similar to the RRs | Novakova et al. (2005) |
| farR1 | S. lavendulae FRI-5 | Nucleoside antibiotics and indigoidine | FarR1 is an orphan RR | Kitani et al. (2008) | |
| glnR | S. coelicolor | RED and ACT | + | GlnR belongs to the OmpR family and indirectly regulates the production of antibiotics in response to changes in nitrogen availability | Pullan et al. (2011) |
| SCO3818 | S. coelicolor | ACT | − | SCO0203 can phosphosphorylate SCO0204 and SCO3818, and there is a functional correlation between SCO0203 and SCO3818 | Wang et al. (2009b) |
| jadR1/jadR2 | S. venezuelae | Jadomycin B |
jadR1: + jadR2: − |
The jadR1 and jadR2 genes represent a novel TCS linking antibiotic synthesis to stress; jadR1 encodes a RR; jadR2 encodes a TetR-like protein, and JadR2 is a pseudo γ-butyrolactone receptor | Yang et al. (2001) |
| abrC1/C2/C3 | S. coelicolor | ACT, CDA and RED | + | AbrC1 and AbrC2 are HKs, and AbrC3 is a RR | Yepes et al. (2011) |
| b) | |||||
| nsdA and nsdB | S. coelicolor | ACT and CDA | − | Each encodes a protein containing a TPR structure | Yu et al. (2006) |
| tcrA | S. coelicolor | All secondary metabolites | − | Liu and Yang (2006) | |
| afsR2 | S. lividans and S. coelicolor | ACT and RED | + | Lee et al. (2000) | |
| afsB | S. lividans and S. coelicolor | ACT, methylenomycin, CDA and RED | + | Horinouchi et al. (1989) | |
| barX | S. virginiae | Virginiamycin | BarX is an AfsA-like protein | Bate et al. (1999) and Pulsawat et al. (2007) | |
| farA | S. lavendulae | Nucleoside antibiotics | − | IM-2 binds to the FarA receptor to regulate the signal transduction of secondary metabolism | Kitani et al. (2001) |
| arpA | S. griseus | Streptomycin | − | ArpA is an A-factor receptor protein | Hong et al. (2007) and Kato et al. (2004) |
| adpA | S. griseus | Streptomycin | + | Encodes an Arac/XylS family protein and has two HTH motifs at the C-terminal | Higo et al. (2012), Ohnishi et al. (1999, 2005) and Zhu et al. (2005) |
| bldD | S. coelicolor | ACT, indigoidine, CDA and methylenomycin | + | BldD has a C-terminal domain of unknown function and an N-terminal domain that mediates DNA binding and dimerization | Den Hengst et al. (2010) |
| bldA | S. coelicolor | ACT | + | BldA regulates the production of antibiotics by controlling the activator ActII-ORF4 | Fernández-Moreno et al. (1991) |
| crp | S. coelicolor | ACT, RED and CDA | + | Crp is a member of the cAMP receptor protein/fumarate-nitrate-reductase family of regulators | Gao et al. (2012) |
| wblA | S. coelicolor | ACT, RED and CDA | − | WblA is a protein of the WhiB family | Kang et al. (2007) |
| atrA | S. coelicolor | ACT | + | AtrA is a TetR-like protein, AtrA positively controls the transcription of actII-ORF4 | Li et al. (2015b) |
| rrdA | S. coelicolor | RED and ACT | RED: − ACT: + |
RrdA belongs to the TetR family, and RrdA negatively regulates RED by controlling the abundance of RedD mRNA | Ou et al. (2009) |
| avaR3 | S. avermitilis | Avermectin and filipin | Avermectin: +; filipin: − | AvaR3 is a γ-butyrolactone autoregulator receptor homologue | Miyamoto et al. (2011) |
| cprA | S. coelicolor | ACT and RED | + | Encodes an AprA analogue | Onaka et al. (1998) |
| cprB | S. coelicolor | ACT | − | CprB shows high sequence similarity to CprA | Onaka et al. (1998) |
+ Represents positive regulation, − represents negative regulation