Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of study population (n = 211).
| Characteristics | Mean ± SD/Frequency (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Both genders (n = 211) | Boys (n = 99) | Girls (n = 112) | |
| Maternal | |||
| Age, years | 29.5 ± 4.3 | 29.2 ± 4.3 | 29.7 ± 4.2 |
| Pre-gestational weight, kg | 66.5 ± 13.3 | 66.9 ± 11.8 | 66.2 ± 14.5 |
| Height, m | 1.67 ± 0.1 | 1.67 ± 0.1 | 1.67 ± 0.1 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 23.9 ± 4.1 | 24.1 ± 3.7 | 23.7 ± 4.4 |
| Gestational weight gain, kg | 14.9 ± 5.8 | 14.7 ± 5.3 | 15.1 ± 6.2 |
| BMI at delivery, kg/m2 | 29.3 ± 4.5 | 29.5 ± 3.8 | 29.1 ± 5.1 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never-smoker | 150 (71.1) | 68 (68.7) | 82 (73.2) |
| Past-smoker | 31 (14.7) | 14 (14.1) | 17 (15.2) |
| Current- smoker | 30 (14.2) | 17 (17.2) | 13 (11.6) |
| Parity | |||
| 1 | 103 (48.8) | 49 (49.5) | 54 (48.2) |
| 2 | 85 (40.3) | 38 (38.4) | 47 (42.0) |
| ≥3 | 23 (10.9) | 12 (12.1) | 11 (9.8) |
| Education | |||
| Low | 24 (11.4) | 11 (11.1) | 13 (11.6) |
| Middle | 65 (30.8) | 38 (38.4) | 27 (24.1) |
| High | 122 (57.8) | 50 (50.5) | 72 (64.3) |
| Gestational diabetes | 5 (2.7) | 3 (3.0) | 2 (1.8) |
| Hypertension | 5 (2.7) | 2 (2.0) | 3 (2.7) |
| Hyper/Hypothyroidism | 4 (1.9) | 1 (1.0) | 3 (2.7) |
| Pre-eclampsia | 2 (0.9) | — | 2 (1.8) |
| Asthma | 2 (0.9) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.9) |
| Gastric band | 3 (1.4) | 2 (2.0) | 1 (0.9) |
| Newborn | |||
| Gestational age, weeks | 39.2 ± 1.3 | 39.1 ± 1.4 | 39.3 ± 1.2 |
| Birth weight, g | 3,413 ± 447 | 3,466 ± 476 | 3,366 ± 416 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| European-Caucasian | 190 (90.1) | 87 (87.9) | 103 (92.0) |
| Non-European | 21 (9.9) | 12 (12.1) | 9 (8.0) |
| C-section | 7 (3.3) | 5 (5.1) | 2 (1.8) |
| Other | |||
| Outdoor Temperature, °C | |||
| Third trimester (quartiles) | |||
| <5.6 | 51 (24.2) | 23 (23.2) | 28 (25.0) |
| ≥5.6 and <9.4 | 54 (25.6) | 23 (23.2) | 31 (27.7) |
| ≥9.4 and <14.8 | 52 (24.6) | 27 (27.3) | 25 (22.3) |
| ≥14.8 | 54 (25.6) | 26 (26.3) | 28 (25.0) |