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. 2017 Jul 17;7:5559. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05903-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Detection of Borrelia proteins and DNA in ERH samples from ten AD patients. PCR assay of B. burgdorferi DNA. Panel A: ERH sections were immunostained with rabbit polyclonal antibody (1:50) against B. burgdorferi (green) and rat polyclonal antibody (1:20) against T. viride (red). Panel B: ERH sections were immunostained with mouse monoclonal antibody (1:10) against B. burgdorferi (green) and rabbit polyclonal antibody (1:100 dilution) against C. albicans (red). DAPI staining of nuclei appears in blue. Scale bar as shown in the figure. Panel C: PCR analysis of Borrelia DNA in frozen brain tissue from ten AD patients. Nested PCR analysis of ten ERH samples using Borr primers to amplify flagellin gene. The primers employed were Borr FE–Borr RE for the first PCR and primers Borr FI–Borr RI for the second PCR. As positive control, DNA extracted from B. burgdorferi was used. Control PCR: PCR without DNA. DNA markers are indicated on the left.