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. 2017 Jul 17;7:5586. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05839-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Scheme of sepiolite-mediated DNA delivery into mammalian cells. DNA interacts with sepiolite then the Sep/DNA biohybrids interacts with mammalian cells. The Sep/DNA complex can be internalized into cells either directly (A), or via endocytosis through invagination of the cell membrane (B), or via macropinocytosis with pseudopods (C). These last processes result in embedded Sep/DNA complex into the cytoplasm. In some occasion direct internalization of Sep/DNA result in unembedded complex. After spontaneous release, the DNA is imported to the nucleus leading to its stable integration into the cell genome.