Table 5.
Postnatal antibiotics and effect probiotics.
| Clinical characteristics | Postnatal antibiotics only without probiotics | Postnatal antibiotics only with probiotics | p | Ante - and postnatal antibiotics without probiotics | Ante - and postnatal antibiotics with probiotics | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of infants | 900 | 2272 | 918 | 2953 | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 29.0 (2.4) | 28.4 (2.2) | <0.001 | 28.2 (2.5) | 27.6 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Body weight at birth (g) z-score | 1070 (306) −0.53/−0.57 (0.85) | 988 (293) −0.52/−0.5, (0.89) | <0.001 0.7 | 1090 (299) −0.07/−0.04, (0.74) | 1014 (290) −0.06/−0.02, (0.75) | <0.001 0.7 |
| Head circumference at birth (cm) z-score | 26.0 (2.6) −0.52/−0.5, (0.79) | 25.4 (2.4) −0.54/−0.5, (0.8) | <0.001 0.7 | 25.7 (2.6) −0.29/−0.26, (0.76) | 25.1 (2.6) −0.28/−0.25, (0.74) | <0.001 0.6 |
| Body length at birth (cm) z-score | 36.7 (3.9) −0.38/−0.33, (0.85) | 35.7 (3.8) −0.4/−0.33, (0.87) | <0.001 0.9 | 36.6 (3.9) −0.07/0 (0.73) | 35.8 (3.7) −0.04/−0.03, (0.72) | <0.001 0.4 |
| Duration of stay (days) | 72 (33) | 75 (33) | <0.001 | 77 (38) | 79 (35) | 0.003 |
| Weight gain (g/d), | 22.7 (5.4) | 22.9 (4.5) | 0.9 | 22.7 (5.9) | 22.8 (4.4) | 0.7 |
| Growth velocity head (mm/d) | 1.01 (0.2) | 1.05 (0.3) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.3) | 1.04 (0.3) | 0.03 |
| Growth velocity length (mm/d) | 1.35 (0.4) | 1.44 (0.4) | <0.001 | 1.38 (0.5) | 1.42 (0.4) | 0.001 |
Legend: Continuous variables are shown as mean (SD); z-scores are shown as mean/median (SD). Categorical variables are shown as percent. p-values were derived from Fisher’s exact test or Mann-Whitney-U test if indicated (*), SGA, small for gestational age (<10th percentile of birth weight adjusted to gestational age). Growth velocity and weight gain were calculated by differences between parameters at birth and respective measures at discharge/number of days (duration of stay).