Table 5.

Study outcomes among adult male offspring according to the maternal diet (control or high-fat), and gavage treatment during pregnancy [fish oil or control (water)].

	Maternal control diet		Maternal high-fat diet
	Control	Fish oil	Control	Fish oil
n	12	12	12	12
Glucose homeostasis
Matsuda index	1.35 ± 0.17	1.27 ± 0.25	0.84 ± 0.09†	1.55 ± 0.26*
HOMA-IR	3.02 ± 0.41	3.89 ± 0.63	4.57 ± 0.54†	2.66 ± 0.42*
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	4.96 ± 0.14	5.46 ± 0.21	5.03 ± 0.11	5.03 ± 0.21
Glucose AUC (min.mmol/l)	847 ± 25	841 ± 28	866 ± 31	818 ± 29
Fasting insulin (pmol/l)	497 ± 63	556 ± 74	732 ± 79	434 ± 71*
Insulin AUC (x103 min.pmol/l)	76 ± 9	82 ± 11	124 ± 14†	81 ± 9
Liver function
ALP (U/l)	79 ± 4	66 ± 3	76 ± 5	82 ± 6
AST (U/l)	144 ± 13	133 ± 5	171 ± 9	160 ± 14
ALT (U/l)	36 ± 2	35 ± 2	38 ± 4	38 ± 2
Lipids
Free fatty acids (mmol/l)	0.83 ± 0.09	0.79 ± 0.07	0.95 ± 0.12	0.83 ± 0.08
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	1.70 ± 0.13	1.94 ± 0.11	1.96 ± 0.15	1.81 ± 0.09
HDL-C (mmol/l)	1.21 ± 0.09	1.46 ± 0.08	1.37 ± 0.10	1.39 ± 0.06
LDL-C (mmol/l)	0.29 ± 0.03	0.25 ± 0.03	0.25 ± 0.02	0.25 ± 0.03
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	0.68 ± 0.07	0.94 ± 0.09	1.23 ± 0.15†	0.87 ± 0.11
Other
Uric acid (µmol/l)	71 ± 5	75 ± 2	73 ± 3	69 ± 6
Leptin (ng/ml)	1.6 ± 0.3	4.2 ± 1.3*	5.7 ± 1.3††	4.0 ± 0.9
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	124 ± 1	125 ± 1	136 ± 1††††	135 ± 1

Data are means ± standard errors. ^†p < 0.05, ^††p < 0.01, and ^††††p < 0.0001 for a maternal diet effect among the offspring of dams that received control gavage; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 for an effect of the gavage treatment between groups exposed to the same maternal diet. ALP – alkaline phosphatase; ALT – alanine transaminase; AST – aspartate transaminase; AUC – area under the curve; HDL-C – high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.