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. 2017 Jul 17;7:5588. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05196-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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5%CS/β-TCP scaffolds stimulate hBMSC osteogenesis and HUVEC angiogenesis in vitro. (A) ALP staining in hBMSCs cultured for 7 and 14 days with β-TCP scaffolds or 5%CS/β-TCP scaffolds in transwell inserts. (B) 5%CS/β-TCP scaffolds stimulated ALP activity at 7 days and 14 days in comparison to pure β-TCP. (C) Schematic representation of transwell experiments. Scaffolds in Transwell inserts (upper chamber), cells in the lower chamber. (D) Tube formation by HUVECs, as observed by light microscopy (top) and Calcein AM staining (bottom), after 4 h on Matrigel with β-TCP or 5%CS/β-TCP scaffolds in transwell inserts. (E) 5%CS/β-TCP scaffolds enhanced tube formation in comparison to β-TCP scaffolds. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. Scale bar represents 10 μm.