. 2017 Jul 17;7:5562. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05965-y

Table 1.

Linear mixed models for Experiments 1 (Model 1) and 2 (Model 2), and for the combined data of Experiments 1 and 2 (Model 3).

	Size data (Model 1)			Shape data (Model 2)			Merged data
	B	CI	p	B	CI	p	B	CI	p
Fixed Parts
Intercept	2.99	2.81–3.17	<0.001	3.64	3.41–3.86	<0.001	3.64	3.42–3.85	<0.001
f0	−0.04	−0.11–0.02	0.186	−0.05	−0.14–0.03	0.243	−0.05	−0.13–0.03	0.212
F1	0.08	0.00–0.16	0.047**	−0.06	−0.16–0.05	0.281	−0.06	−0.15–0.04	0.247
F2	−0.15	−0.23–−0.07	<0.001***	−0.19	−0.29–−0.08	<0.001***	−0.19	−0.28–−0.09	<0.001***
F3	−0.01	−0.08–0.05	0.746	0.07	−0.02–0.16	0.121	0.07	−0.01–0.15	0.093
Duration	0.08	0.02–0.13	0.007***	0.04	−0.03–0.12	0.269	0.04	−0.03–0.11	0.229
Intensity	−0.03	−0.11–0.04	0.414	0.02	−0.09–0.13	0.715	0.02	−0.08–0.12	0.691
F1 × F2	−0.07	−0.13–−0.01	0.024***	0.00	−0.08–0.08	0.965	0.00	−0.07–0.07	0.962
Category (baseline: Glide)
Liquid	−0.14	−0.41–0.13	0.300	−0.09	−0.42–0.23	0.584	−0.09	−0.40–0.22	0.566
Nasal	−0.29	−0.54–−0.05	0.020***	−0.39	−0.70–−0.08	0.015***	−0.39	−0.68–−0.10	0.009***
Voiced Fricative	−0.41	−0.61–−0.21	<0.001***	−0.61	−0.89–−0.33	<0.001***	−0.61	−0.87–−0.36	<0.001***
Voiced Stop	−0.66	−0.86–−0.45	<0.001***	−0.57	−0.85–−0.28	<0.001***	−0.57	−0.82–−0.31	<0.001***
Voiceless Fricative	−0.78	−1.00–−0.56	<0.001***	−0.31	−0.61–−0.01	0.045**	−0.31	−0.59–−0.04	0.028**
Voiceless Stop	−0.86	−1.12–−0.61	<0.001***	−0.83	−1.14–−0.51	<0.001***	−0.83	−1.13–−0.53	<0.001***
Task: Size							−0.65	−0.87–−0.42	<0.001***
Task: Size × f0							0.01	−0.07–0.08	0.861
Task: Size × F1							0.14	0.05–0.23	0.004***
Task: Size × F2							0.04	−0.06–0.13	0.464
Task: Size × F3							−0.08	−0.16–−0.00	0.042*
Task: Size × Intensity							−0.05	−0.15–0.04	0.281
Task: Size × Duration							0.04	−0.03–0.10	0.310
Task: Size × Liquid							−0.05	−0.37–0.27	0.751
Task: Size × Nasal							0.09	−0.19–0.38	0.513
Task: Size × Voiced Fricative							0.20	−0.06–0.46	0.136
Task: Size × Voiced Stop							−0.09	−0.35–0.16	0.476
Task: Size × Voiceless Fricative							−0.47	−0.76–−0.18	0.002***
Task: Size × Voiceless Stop							−0.04	−0.35–0.28	0.820
Task: Size × F1 × F2							−0.07	−0.14–−0.00	0.051*
Random Parts
σ²		0.999			0.996			0.997
τ_{00, Sound}		0.048			0.099			0.062
τ_{00, ID}		0.000			0.000			0.082
N_Sound		100			100			100
N_ID		30			30			60
ICC_Sound		0.030			0.062			0.037
ICC_ID		0.000			0.000			0.048
Observations		9000			9000			18000
R²/Ω₀ ²		0.236/0.233			0.252/0.249			0.309/0.308

All continuous predictors standardized. p-values are raw p-values without corrections for multiple testing. Asterisks indicate significant effects according to the Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing, for different false discovery rates (FDR: *** = 0.05, ** = 0.10, * = 0.15).