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. 2017 Jul 17;7:5594. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06052-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Insulin and metformin upregulate betatrophin expression in mice. Betatrophin levels in serum of C57BL/6 mice 12 hours after received insulin administration (A) and received saline or insulin 6 U/kg once daily for 15 days and 30 days (B). Fasting glucose (C), fasting insulin (D), HOMA-IR (E), betatrophin (F) levels of db/db mice received saline or metformin 400 mg/kg intragastric administration once daily for 30 days. The data represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. the 0 U/kg or CON. CON: control; INS: insulin; MET: metformin.