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. 2017 Jul 17;7:5540. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05543-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Global light adaptation mediated by horizontal cells. (a) Stimulus schema. Intensity of the test flash (1,200 × 1,200 μm square, 2 s) was changed (3.85, 4.82, 8.64, 10.07, 13.27 cd/m²) on various background intensities (2,800 × 2,800 μm square, 0, 1.8, 4.6 cd/m²). (b) Responses to the test flash (3.85, 8.64, 13.27 cd/m², PSTH of 0.01 s-bin) on the background with low (black; 0 cd/m²) or medium intensity (red; 1.8 cd/m²). yellow, test flash onset. Left, control. Right, dHC. (c) Spike number for 0.4 s from the test flash onset on various background intensities. Values were normalized to the spike number during the maximum test flash. Bars, mean ± SD. (d) Time-to-peak latency of the PSTH (denoted in c) among various background intensities. Values were normalized to the latency during the maximum test flash. Bars, mean ± SD. (e) Left, histograms of the intensity causing 50% of the max spike numbers (R _50%) with the low (gray, +0) or medium (red, +1.8) background intensity. Upper, control; lower, dHC. Right, cumulative distribution of R _50%. 156 RGCs in 4 control retinas. 148 RGCs in 4 dHC retinas. Kolmorov-Smirnov test, p = 7.79 × 10⁻¹⁰ in control retina, p = 0.75 in dHC.