. 2017 Mar 18;18(4):535–548. doi: 10.1007/s10522-017-9694-8

Table 3.

Changes in arms strength measurement in response to Nordic Walking training in elderly women

	Baseline blood level of vitamin D₃	Baseline mean ± SD	Observed change mean ± SD (%)	Adjusted change^a mean ± SD (%)	Adjusted effect^b
	Baseline blood level of vitamin D₃	Baseline mean ± SD	Observed change mean ± SD (%)	Adjusted change^a mean ± SD (%)	Mean; CI (%)	Inference^c
Izokinetic elbow extention 90
Left peak torque (Nm)	Less than 20 ng mL⁻¹	25 ± 7	−7 ± 21	−7 ± 20	5	Small
Left peak torque (Nm)	More than 20 ng mL⁻¹	26 ± 5	−4 ± 31	−2 ± 22	−7 to 19	Small
Left agon/antag ratio	Less than 20 ng mL⁻¹	94 ± 16	9 ± 19	9 ± 17	−5	Small
Left agon/antag ratio	More than 20 ng mL⁻¹	96 ± 19	2 ± 36	3 ± 19	−16 to 6	Small
Right peak torque (Nm)	Less than 20 ng mL⁻¹	23 ± 4	5 ± 29	1 ± 19	−3	Trivial
Right peak torque (Nm)	More than 20 ng mL⁻¹	25 ± 4	−4 ± 25	−2 ± 25	−15 to 11	Trivial
Right Agon/antag ratio	Less than 20 ng mL⁻¹	102 ± 20	1 ± 30	1 ± 14	3	Trivial
Right Agon/antag ratio	More than 20 ng mL⁻¹	101 ± 15	4 ± 18	4 ± 17	−6 to 14	Trivial
Izokinetic elbow Flexion 90
Left peak torque (Nm)	Less than 20 ng mL⁻¹	25 ± 6	−1 ± 22	0 ± 17	−3	Trivial
Left peak torque (Nm)	More than 20 ng mL⁻¹	24 ± 5	−2 ± 25	−3 ± 16	−12 to 8	Trivial
Right peak torque (Nm)	Less than 20 ng mL⁻¹	23 ± 6	6 ± 31	3 ± 22	0	Trivial
Right peak torque (Nm)	More than 20 ng mL⁻¹	25 ± 3	0 ± 25	2 ± 24	−13 to 15	Trivial
Izometric elbow away
Left peak torque (Nm)	Less than 20 ng mL⁻¹	26 ± 7	18 ± 30	14 ± 24	−3	Trivial
Left peak torque (Nm)	More than 20 ng mL⁻¹	28 ± 6	7 ± 43	11 ± 28	−17 to 14	Trivial
Left Agon/antag ratio	Less than 20 ng mL⁻¹	124 ± 25	−4 ± 40	−2 ± 29	9	Small
Left Agon/antag ratio	More than 20 ng mL⁻¹	115 ± 12	8 ± 20	6 ± 20	−8 to 28	Small
Right peak torque (Nm)	Less than 20 ng mL⁻¹	29 ± 7	9 ± 22	9 ± 23	−8	Small
Right peak torque (Nm)	More than 20 ng mL⁻¹	29 ± 5	0 ± 24	0 ± 24	−20 to 7	Small
Izometric elbow toward
Left peak torque (Nm)	Less than 20 ng mL⁻¹	34 ± 7	3 ± 29	4 ± 20	2	Small
Left peak torque (Nm)	More than 20 ng mL⁻¹	33 ± 6	6 ± 13	6 ± 12	−8 to 13	Small
Left agon/antag ratio	Less than 20 ng mL⁻¹	119 ± 23	−11 ± 20	−11 ± 21	20	Moderate ↑ ^***
Left agon/antag ratio	More than 20 ng mL⁻¹	117 ± 26	8 ± 27	7 ± 19	6 to 36	Moderate ↑ ^***
Right peak torque (Nm)	Less than 20 ng mL⁻¹	31 ± 8	12 ± 28	9 ± 13	4	Trivial ↑ ^*
Right peak torque (Nm)	More than 20 ng mL⁻¹	33 ± 8	11 ± 18	13 ± 12	−4 to 13	Trivial ↑ ^*

CI—90% confidence interval. All data are percentages, with the exception of baseline values expressed in measurement units. Inferences shown in bold are clear at the 98% level of confidence

^aAdjusted to overall mean of in baseline blood level of vitamin D3 more and less than 20 ng mL – 1

^bAdjusted mean change in women with baseline blood level of vitamin D3 more than 20 ng mL⁻¹ minus adjusted mean change in women with baseline blood level of vitamin D3 less than 20 ng mL⁻¹

^cMagnitude thresholds (for difference in means divided by SD of women with baseline blood level of vitamin D3 more than 20 ng mL⁻¹): < 0.20, trivial; 0.20–0.59, small; 0.60–1.19, moderate; > 1.20, large

↑—Increase; ↓—decrease

Asterisks indicate effects clear at the 5% level and likelihood that the true effect is substantial: *—possible, ***—very likely