Table 2.
Inflammatory and glucose metabolism parameters in various types of dementia, MCI and controls
| Variables | Dementia | pa | AD | MD | VaD | MCI | Controls | pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 205 | n = 89 | n = 69 | n = 47 | n = 113 | n = 107 | |||
| Inflammatory markers | ||||||||
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.99 [1.15–3.05] (1.88) |
0.016 (0.258)c |
1.57 [0.79–2.54] (1.60) |
2.39 [1.22–3.96]** (2.17)** |
2.37 [1.49–3.77]* (2.26)* |
1.61 [0.96–2.38] (1.73) |
1.58 [0.95–2.20] (1.68)h (1.68)i |
0.0005 (0.033)c |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 1.52 [0.50–3.89] (1.43) |
0.572 (0.845)c |
0.95 [0.36–2.44] (0.96) |
2.22 [0.63–7.41]# (2.06)# |
2.11 [0.79–4.61] (2.04) |
1.43 [0.68–3.37] (1.50) |
1.39 [0.78–2.92] (1.48)h (1.46)i |
0.001 (0.004)c |
| 25-OH Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 18.74 [14.13–24.72] (18.85) |
0.718 (0.884)d |
20.08 [15.11–26.05] (19.73) |
17.41 [13.97–23.31] (17.63) |
18.29 [13.43–24.53] (18.63) |
22.00 [16.18–29.81]# (21.93)* |
19.11 [15.97–26.49] (20.00)h (18.93)i |
0.008 (0.015)d |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 61.5 [51.2–75.1] (62.0) |
0.602 (0.324)e |
66.6 [56.2–78.6]# (63.8)# |
58.0 [46.3–70.9] (58.3) |
57.9 [49.2–71.1] (60.3) |
60.9 [52.0–74.5] (61.6) |
60.5 [52.0–73.8] (60.1)h (59.5)i |
0.030 (0.302)e |
| PON1 (U/mL) | 158.1 [139–190] | 0.134 | 169.4 [149–199] | 147.7 [130–180]* | 153.5 [130–190] | 162.3 [138–194] | 166.4 [144–207] | 0.016 |
| Chitotriosidasex (nmol/mL/H)f | 72.6 [50–118] | 0.891 | 68.8 [44–110] | 80.6 [56–124] | 69.1 [49–122] | 60.1 [35–100.5] | 71.9 [46–107] | 0.054 |
| Glucose metabolism parameters | ||||||||
| Glucose 0H (mg/dL) | 103.0 [91.2–109.0] (102.2) |
0.020 (0.076)g |
103.4 [92.6–108.5] (105.8) |
101.5 [91.0–106.1] (102.2) |
104.4 [91.7–112.4] (100.9) |
104.4 [92.3–110.6]# (102.8) |
97.9 [89.7–103.5] (98.7)h (99.9)i |
0.117 (0.135)g |
| Glucose 2H (mg/dL) | 138.6 [109.2–177.8] (136.0) |
0.000001 (0.0002)g |
132.7 [105.9–167.8]** (134.4)** |
144.5 [110.7–182.5]*** (143.0)*** |
142.5 [116.9–193.8]** (136.3)** |
120.3 [95.4–150.9] (122.0) |
113.7 [98.3–131.8] (115.9)h (116.8)i |
0.00003 (0.0007)g |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 9.01 [5.84–13.60] (9.24) |
0.654 (0.231)g |
9.31 [6.42–13.72] (9.82) |
9.06 [5.52–15.03] (9.21) |
8.40 [5.50–12.31] (8.25) |
9.12 [5.62–15.05] (8.64) |
8.72 [5.62–12.76] (8.51)h (8.74)i |
0.903 (0.493)g |
| HOMA-IR | 2.29 [1.46–3.52] (2.33) |
0.309 (0.123)g |
2.38 [1.64–3.56] (2.57) |
2.27 [1.35–3.76] (2.32) |
2.17 [1.17–3.34] (2.05) |
2.35 [1.43–4.12] (2.19) |
2.11 [1.38–3.17] (2.07)h (2.16)i |
0.756 (0.291)g |
Data are logarithmically transformed in statistical analysis and presented as geometric means and interquartile range from first to third quartile
Values in parentheses are means adjusted by various covariates (ANCOVA)
AD Alzheimer’s disease, CRP C-reactive protein, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment index, IL-6 interleukin 6, MCI mild cognitive impairment, MD mixed dementia, PON1 paraoxonase 1, VaD vascular dementia
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, # borderline significant (0.1 > p>0.05) versus Controls (ANOVA Dunnet post hoc test or χ 2 test)
aStudent’s t test
bANOVA
cAdjusted for age and smoking
dAdjusted for age, sex, BMI, season, region (town or country)
eAdjusted for age, sex, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive and lipid-lowering, therapy
fHomozygotes of CHIT124-bp dup excluded (n = 18: AD n = 4; MD n = 3; VaD n = 1; MCI n = 5; controls n = 6)
gAdjusted for age, sex, BMI, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive and lipid-lowering, therapy
hAdjusted values in controls versus all-cause dementia
iAdjusted values in controls versus various types of dementia and MCI