Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and genetics data.
| Variable category | Variable | SZ-CR (41) | SZ-AF (9) | FE-SZ (20) | Controls (200) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age, yrs.: mean (SD) | 35.6 (10.0) | 41.6 (8.3) | 26.4 (4.9) | 26.5 (7.5) | < 0.001a | |
| Education, yrs.: mean (SD) | 11.8 (2.2) | 11.3 (2.2) | 12.0 (1.6) | 13.8 (2.6) | < 0.001b | |
| Gender: n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Men | 34 (83%) | 7 (78%) | 16 (80%) | 106 (54%) | ||
| Women | 7 (17%) | 2 (22%) | 4 (20%) | 92 (46%) | ||
| Nationality: n (%) | 0.1 | |||||
| Jewish | 33 (81%) | 9 (100%) | 12 (60%) | 146 (73%) | ||
| Arab | 8 (19%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (40%) | 53 (27%) | ||
| Ethnicity: n (%)c | 0.02 | |||||
| Ashkenazi | 17 (55%) | 5 (56%) | 11 (92%) | 67 (46%) | ||
| Non-Ashkenazi | 14 (45%) | 4 (44%) | 1 (8%) | 79 (54%) | ||
| Clinical | ||||||
| Onset, yrs.: mean (SD) | 25.1 (7.3) | 26.1 (8.3) | 25.5 (4.7) | NA | 0.91 | |
| Years of illness: mean (SD) | 11.0 (7.2) | 15.4 (7.9) | 1.1 (0.6) | NA | < 0.001d | |
| No. of hospitalizations: mean (SD) | 6.2 (5.0) | 8.5 (6.9) | 1.0 (0.0) | NA | < 0.001e | |
| PANSS scales score: mean (SD) | ||||||
| Positive items | 21.9 (6.4) | 17.3 (4.0) | 41.7 (4.6) | NA | < 0.001f | |
| Negative items | 26.2 (5.8) | 17.8 (5.2) | 22.8 (5.8) | NA | 0.001g | |
| General items | 48.3 (7.4) | 45.9 (5.4) | 58.5 (6.2) | NA | < 0.001h | |
| Total | 96.1 (14.7) | 77.2 (12.6) | 122.9 (10.4) | NA | < 0.001i | |
| Smoking status: n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 24 (60%) | 7 (78%) | 14 (70%) | 46 (23%) | ||
| No | 16 (40%) | 2 (22%) | 6 (30%) | 153 (77%) | ||
| Genetic | ||||||
| DAT polymorphism: n (%) | 0.71 | |||||
| Homozygote 9/9 | 6 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (20%) | 22 (16%) | ||
| Homozygote 10/10 | 17 (49%) | 5 (63%) | 7 (35%) | 55 (39%) | ||
| Heterozygote 9/10 | 12 (34%) | 3 (37%) | 9 (45%) | 64 (45%) | ||
| D4R polymorphism: n (%) | 0.18 | |||||
| Short allele | 21 (62%) | 2 (25%) | 14 (70%) | 78 (61%) | ||
| Long allele | 13 (38%) | 6 (75%) | 6 (30%) | 50 (39%) | ||
Abbreviations: DAT, dopamine active transporter; D4R, dopamine D4 receptor; PANSS, positive and negative syndrome scale; SZ, chronic schizophrenia; SZ-AF, schizoaffective; FE-SZ, first episode schizophrenia; CT, control group SD, standard deviation.
Post hoc comparisons revealed that the SZ and SZ-AF groups were significantly older than the other groups (p < 0.001 for all comparisons).
Post hoc comparisons revealed that the control group had significantly more years of education than the schizophrenic groups (p < 0.001, p = 0.02, p = 0.02, respectively).
This variable is relevant only for Jewish participants.
Post hoc comparisons revealed that the FE-SZ group length of illness was significantly shorter than the other schizophrenic groups (p < 0.001 for all comparisons).
Post hoc comparisons revealed that the FE-SZ group number of hospitalizations was significantly smaller than the other schizophrenic groups (p < 0.001 for SCZ, p = 0.001 for schizoaffective comparisons).
Post hoc comparisons revealed that the FE-SZ group PANSS-positive score was significantly higher than the other schizophrenic groups (p < 0.001 for all comparisons).
Post hoc comparisons revealed that SZ-AF PANSS-negative score was significantly lower than the other schizophrenic groups (p = 0.001).
Post hoc comparisons revealed that FE-SZ group PANSS-general score was significantly higher than the other schizophrenic groups (p < 0.001 for all comparisons).
Post hoc comparisons revealed that the first episode group PANSS-total score was significantly higher than the other schizophrenic groups (p < 0.001 for all comparisons); the total score of SZ-CR group was significantly higher that the SZ-AF group (p = 0.001).