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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 18.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Pathol. 2016 Dec 5;12:331–357. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100401

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Hypothetical timeline and interactions of events in the formation of nasal polyps. (Left) The damaged epithelium responds to injury from pathogens, proteases, and irritants. Abbreviations: BAFF, B cell–activating factor; CCL23, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23; DC, dendritic cell; IL, interleukin; ILC2s, type 2 innate lymphoid cells; MCP-4, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13, also known as CCL13; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; Th2, T helper cell type 2; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; VCAM1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.