Box 1.

Illustrative examples of integration typologies

	Micro	Meso	Macro
Clinical integration Single or coherent process delivered by a provider who is equipped with shared guidelines and protocols	A physician in a methadone maintenance program clinic also provides HIV counselling and testing services	A nurse working in a mobile health van for underserved populations is trained to provide both HIV counselling and DART with a clear referral pathway to a partnering HIV clinic, as well as substance use counselling with a clear referral pathway to a methadone maintenance clinic	N/A
Service integration Teams providing different clinical services within the same organisation	An HIV/AIDS clinic employs a substance use counsellor and physician and provides a methadone maintenance program for patients	A substance use program offering needle exchange sites hires HIV counsellors to provide outreach, education and referral to communities that utilize needle exchange services	N/A
Systems integration Coordination between multi-location, multi-professional organisations to develop systems for the delivery of services for multiple conditions	N/A	N/A	The HIV/AIDS Bureau, the Bureau of Drug Rehabilitation and the Bureau of Communicable Disease Control collaborate together and coordinate with their service providers, community members and stakeholders to enact policies and shared plans to decrease fragmentation of care for HIV/AIDS, substance use and hepatitis care