Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Arsenic Metabolism (N=405)
| N | iAs% median (IQR) | P-valuea | MMA% median (IQR) | P-valuea | DMA% median (IQR) | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 405 | 7.1 (5.2, 10.7) | 13.7 (11.3, 17.7) | 78.2 (71.6, 83.3) | |||
| Age (years) | |||||||
| <55 | 159 | 8.0 (5.8, 11.7) | 13.3 (11.3, 18.0) | 77.8 (70.6, 82.1) | |||
| 55 to <65 | 128 | 6.9 (5.3, 10.6) | 13.5 (11.2, 17.5) | 79.5 (71.0, 83.5) | |||
| ≥65 | 118 | 6.6 (4.4, 9.5) | 0.007 | 14.6 (11.3, 17.4) | 0.92 | 77.9 (73.1, 83.7) | 0.46 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 181 | 9.2 (6.3, 12.7) | 16.2 (13.0, 19.5) | 75.1 (68.6, 80.2) | |||
| Female | 224 | 6.4 (4.6, 9.0) | <0.001 | 12.6 (9.6, 15.1) | <0.001 | 80.9 (75.7, 84.9) | <0.001 |
| Σ As (μg/L) | |||||||
| 0.70 – <7.10 | 135 | 7.0 (5.0, 10.5) | 13.8 (11.3, 17.2) | 78.8 (73.1, 82.4) | |||
| 7.10 – 14.0 | 136 | 6.9 (4.6, 10.5) | 14.2 (10.6, 17.9) | 78.7 (71.7, 84.3) | |||
| > 14.0 – 87.2 | 134 | 8.0 (5.6, 11.5) | 0.07 | 13.3 (11.5, 18.2) | 0.87 | 77.3 (70.4, 82.6) | 0.23 |
| BMI (kg/m3) | |||||||
| <25 | 72 | 10.3 (7.7, 12.4) | 18.0 (13.2, 21.8) | 71.6 (65.6, 77.3) | |||
| 25 to <30 | 141 | 7.1 (5.1, 10.6) | 14.2 (11.8, 17.9) | 77.9 (72.4, 82.5) | |||
| ≥30 | 192 | 6.5 (4.6, 9.7) | <0.001 | 12.8 (10.1, 15.9) | <0.001 | 80.6 (75.0, 84.7) | <0.001 |
| Smoking Status | |||||||
| Never | 114 | 6.1 (4.3, 9.1) | 12.8 (9.4, 15.6) | 80.3 (75.0, 86.1) | |||
| Former | 138 | 6.8 (4.8, 9.9) | 13.5 (11.7, 17.7) | 79.1 (72.6, 83.7) | |||
| Current | 153 | 9.3 (6.4, 12.6) | <0.001 | 14.7 (12.3, 18.6) | <0.001 | 76.1 (68.8, 80.8) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol | |||||||
| Never | 66 | 5.9 (4.0, 9.2) | 12.8 (9.7, 15.9) | 80.4 (73.6, 85.5) | |||
| Former | 188 | 6.9 (4.6, 10.3) | 13.3 (10.5, 17.2) | 79.4 (73.3, 84.0) | |||
| Current | 151 | 8.8 (6.4, 12.3) | <0.001 | 14.7 (12.6, 18.8) | <0.001 | 76.2 (68.8, 81.0) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | |||||||
| ≤60 | 367 | 5.5 (3.8, 8.3) | 13.3 (9.6, 16.8) | 80.1 (75.1, 85.2) | |||
| >60 | 38 | 7.5 (5.4, 10.9) | 0.001 | 13.7 (11.3, 18.0) | 0.55 | 78.1 (71.2, 82.7) | 0.06 |
| Urine Creatinine (mg/dL) | |||||||
| <0.95 | 136 | 8.5 (5.9, 11.9) | 13.4 (11.4, 16.7) | 78.0 (71.2, 81.9) | |||
| 0.95 – 1.50 | 134 | 6.4 (4.4, 9.3) | 13.6 (10.5, 16.9) | 79.4 (73.6, 85.0) | |||
| >1.50 | 135 | 7.1 (5.0, 11.4) | <0.001 | 14.7 (11.9, 19.0) | 0.12 | 78.2 (69.4, 83.1) | 0.02 |
| Total Caloric Intake (kcal) | |||||||
| <1,230 | 135 | 7.5 (5.1, 10.5) | 13.4 (11.3, 16.5) | 78.7 (72.1, 83.3) | |||
| 1,230–1,968 | 135 | 8.1 (5.4, 11.9) | 14.2 (10.8, 19.8) | 77.0 (69.5, 83.4) | |||
| >1,968 | 135 | 6.7 (5.0, 10.5) | 0.14 | 13.7 (11.5, 17.3) | 0.36 | 79.3 (72.5, 83.5) | 0.24 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg)b | |||||||
| <1.07 | 139 | 8.3 (5.4, 11.5) | 14.1 (11.5, 18.8) | 77.2 (69.9, 81.9) | |||
| 1.07–1.76 | 132 | 7.0 (4.9, 10.8) | 13.3 (10.9, 17.8) | 78.4 (72.0, 83.8) | |||
| >1.76 | 134 | 6.9 (5.4, 10.1) | 0.12 | 13.7 (10.8, 17.1) | 0.39 | 79.0 (73.6, 83.5) | 0.11 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg)b | |||||||
| <0.93 | 135 | 8.5 (5.6, 12.9) | 13.6 (11.5, 18.4) | 76.9 (70.5, 82.1) | |||
| 0.93–1.68 | 135 | 7.7 (5.1, 11.4) | 14.3 (11.4, 18.5) | 77.8 (69.7, 82.6) | |||
| >1.68 | 135 | 6.7 (4.9, 9.3) | 0.005 | 13.2 (10.2, 16.9) | 0.05 | 80.2 (74.8, 84.2) | 0.005 |
| Folate (μg)b | |||||||
| <144.1 | 135 | 8.5 (5.7, 12.8) | 14.1 (12.3, 18.0) | 76.9 (69.9, 81.4) | |||
| 144.1–285.2 | 135 | 6.9 (4.9, 10.5) | 13.2 (10.5, 17.7) | 79.2 (72.1, 84.4) | |||
| >285.2 | 135 | 6.9 (5.0, 10.2) | 0.03 | 13.7 (10.0, 17.9) | 0.22 | 79.3 (71.8, 83.7) | 0.04 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg)b | |||||||
| <2.20 | 136 | 8.0 (5.3, 11.5) | 14.2 (11.2, 18.7) | 77.3 (70.7, 82.2) | |||
| 2.20–4.41 | 134 | 6.8 (4.9, 10.3) | 13.3 (11.2, 17.1) | 79.5 (72.6, 83.6) | |||
| >4.41 | 135 | 7.2 (5.3, 11.2) | 0.15 | 13.9 (11.3, 17.7) | 0.53 | 78..2 (71.3, 83.5) | 0.21 |
ΣAs, total urinary inorganic arsenic; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
a
Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare methylation medians across variable categories
b
Vitamins are displayed as crude values, not calorie-adjusted