Table I. Overview of FDA approved contrast materials.
FDA approved nine different contrast materials. In this table they are ordered following the ESUR guidelines for patients at risk of NSF, and compared with ACR groups for related cases of NSF.
| ES UR |
ACR | Struct ure |
Contrast | Conce ntra- tion |
Dose | R1 Plasma, 37°C |
Distrib ution |
Prot ein bind ing |
Elimination | Dissoci ation |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NS F RIS K |
NSF GR OUP |
Name | Brand Name |
mmol/ mL |
mmo l/kg (mL/ kg) |
1. 5T |
3 T |
Clear ance |
Te1/2 (hrs) |
Td1/2 pH=1 |
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| LOW | 2 | Macro-cyclic | Ionic | Gd-DOTA (Gadoterate meglumine) | Dotarem/Magnescope | 0.5 | 0.1 (0.2) | 3.6 | 3.5 | Extracellular | No | Renal | 1.6±0.2 (mono) | 9–229 hrs |
| Non ionic | Gd-HP-DO3A (Gadoteridol) | ProHance | 0.5 | 0.1 (0.2) | 4.1 | 3.7 | Extracellular | No | Renal | 0.20±0.04; 1.57±0.08 (bi) | 3 hrs | |||
| Gd-BT-DO3A (Gadobutrol) | Gadovist/Gadavist | 1 | 0.1 (0.1) | 5.2 | 5 | Extracellular | No | Renal | 1.81 | 68 hrs | ||||
| INTERMEDIATE | Linear | Ionic | Gd-BOPTA (Gadobenate dimeglumine) | MultiHance | 0.5 | 0.1 (0.2) | 6.3 | 5.5 | Extracellular - Liver | Weak | Renal ~95% Hepatic 3–5% | 1.17±0.26 – 2.02±0.60 (range) | - | |
| 3 | Gd-EOB-DTPA (Gadoxetate disodium) | Primovist/Eovist | 0.25 | 0.025 (0.1) | 6.9 | 6.2 | Extracellular - Liver | Weak | Renal 50% Hepatic 50% | 0.91–0.95 (range) | - | |||
| MS-325 (Gadofosveset trisodium) | Vasovist/Ablavar | 0.25 | 0.03 (0.12) | 19 | 9.9 | Blood pool | Strong | Renal 79–94% Hepatic~5% | 16.3±2.6 | - | ||||
| HIGH | 1 | Gd-DTPA (Gadopentetate dimeglumine) | Magnevist | 0.5 | 0.1 (0.2) | 4.1 | 3.7 | Extracellular | No | Renal | 1.6±0.16 | 9.6 min | ||
| Non Ionic | Gd-DTPA-BMEA (Gadoverse tamide) | Optimark | 0.5 | 0.1 (0.2) | 4.7 | 4.5 | Extracellular | No | Renal | 1.73±0.33 | - | |||
| Gd-DTPA-BMA (Gadodiamide) | Omniscan | 0.5 | 0.1 (0.2) | 4.3 | 4.0 | Extracellular | No | Renal | 0.06±0.05; 1.30±0.27 (bi) | <34 s | ||||
ESUR: European Society of Urogenital Radiology. ACR: American College of Radiology. NSF: Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis. R1: Relaxivity R1 at 1.5T and 3T, in plasma at 37°C. Te1/2: excretion half-life. Td1/2: Gadolinium-chelating compound dissociation half-life, calculated at pH=1. mono: monocompartmental model. bi: bicompartmental model. hrs: hours. min: minutes. s: seconds.