Table 2.

Mean values of echocardiographic parameters according to smoking status

Variable	Never smokers			Former smokers				Current smokers
	Mean	Range	SEM	Mean	Range	SEM	p (to never smokers)	Mean	Range	SEM	p (to never smokers)
Left ventricular structure and function
LVEDV, mL	81.9	36.0–168.0	0.4	85.0	31.2–200.7	1.5	0.09	86.6	34.6–184.1	1.5	0.009
LVESV, mL	32.6	8.4–90.3	1.0	34.7	13.4–88.5	0.7	0.02	36.4	12.9–137.1	1.0	0.001
LVEF, %	60.3	38.7–79.6	0.2	59.4	36.3–73.4	0.3	0.01	58.7	17.3–95.7	0.7	0.01
LVM, g	149.7	63.6–469.6	2.3	159.8	67.4–336.1	2.9	0.01	156.8	60.3–325.6	2.9	0.09
RWT	0.4	0.2–0.8	0.01	0.4	0.2–0.8	0.01	0.34	0.4	0.2–0.7	0.01	0.11
E/e′	10.1	4.3–28.0	10.1	9.9	4.7–27.7	0.2	0.38	9.5	4.5–28.0	0.5	0.008
Right ventricular structure and function
RVAd, cm2	14.5	4.9–29.0	0.2	15.4	4.8–31.9	0.2	0.003	15.1	5.9–28.0	0.3	0.06
RVFAC	0.46	0.09–0.72	0.01	0.45	−0.1–0.7	0.01	0.30	0.4	0.1–0.7	0.01	0.03
TAPSE, cm	2.1	0.9–3.5	0.03	2.1	0.8–3.4	0.03	0.52	2.0	0.5–3.3	0.04	0.08
RV peak S velocity	12.0	5.3–25.8	0.1	12.0	5.5–22.3	0.14	0.92	11.4	3.6–20.2	0.2	0.009
RVOT VTI, cm	17.8	8.7–30.6	0.2	17.0	9.5–31.3	0.2	0.005	16.7	6.8–27.7	0.2	0.0002
RVSV, mL	49.3	13.9–141.4	0.9	48.3	14.0–117.4	1.3	0.51	45.7	10.4–120.5	1.3	0.02
TR max peak gradient, mm Hg	18.3	0.1–3.3	0.02	18.1	1.6–42.5	0.5	0.67	16.2	1.5–44.8	0.5	0.0003
TR max velocity, cm/s	209.1	11.1–329.2	2.0	207.5	63.3–325.8	3.1	0.63	195.7	60.2–334.5	3.2	0.0003

Bold denotes statistically significant associations (p≤0.01).

E/e′, transmitral E velocity to mitral annulus e′ velocity; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVM, left ventricular mass; RVAd, right ventricular area at diastole; RVFAC, right ventricular fractional area change; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; RVSV, right ventricular stroke volume; RWT, relative wall thickness; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; VTI, velocity time integral.