Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Factor | No acute kidney injury | Persistent acute kidney injury | p Value |
| N | 1446 | 94 | |
| Age (years) | 82 (7) | 80 (7) | 0.051 |
| Gender | 733 (50.7%) | 27 (28.7%) | <0.001 |
| Baseline creatinine (mmol/L) | 100 (35) | 117 (50) | <0.001 |
| eGFR at baseline (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 59 (21) | 56 (23) | 0.18 |
| VARC-2 criteria | |||
| Stage 1: 1.5–1.99× increase or 26 mmol/L in creatinine | 78 (83%) | ||
| Stage 2: 2–2.9× increase in creatinine | 4 (4%) | ||
| Stage 3: ≥3× increase in creatinine or initiation of renal replacement therapy | 12 (13%) | ||
| 4 CKD groups at baseline | 652 (45.1%) | 37 (39.4%) | 0.084 |
| >60 | |||
| 45–59 | 414 (28.6%) | 22 (23.4%) | |
| 30–44 | 298 (20.6%) | 25 (26.6%) | |
| 15–29 | 82 (5.7%) | 10 (10.6%) | |
| Weight (kg) | 74 (15) | 78 (16) | 0.011 |
| Height (cm) | 168 (9) | 170 (10) | 0.011 |
| Body surface area | 1.8 (0.2) | 1.9 (0.2) | 0.003 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 315 (21.8%) | 25 (26.6%) | 0.28 |
| Known hypertension | 1045 (72.3%) | 67 (71.3%) | 0.84 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 282 (19.5%) | 29 (30.9%) | 0.008 |
| Prior cardiac surgery | 418 (28.9%) | 35 (37.2%) | 0.086 |
| Prior PCI | 419 (29.0%) | 27 (28.7%) | 0.96 |
| Prior PCI/CABG | 701 (48.5%) | 51 (54.3%) | 0.28 |
| Prior stroke | 204 (14.1%) | 18 (19.1%) | 0.18 |
| Known peripheral arterial disease | 290 (20.1%) | 24 (25.5%) | 0.20 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 514 (35.5%) | 32 (34.0%) | 0.77 |
| NYHA class | |||
| 1 | 6 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.64 |
| 2 | 99 (6.9%) | 7 (7.4%) | |
| 3 | 1096 (75.9%) | 67 (71.3%) | |
| 4 | 243 (16.8%) | 20 (21.3%) | |
| Logistic EuroSCORE I | 22%(14)14 | 23%(17)17 | 0.41 |
| LVEF % | |||
| ≥50% | 874 (60.5%) | 50 (53.8%) | 0.40 |
| 40%–49% | 251 (17.4%) | 18 (19.4%) | |
| 30%–39% | 198 (13.7%) | 18 (19.4%) | |
| ≤30 | 121 (8.4%) | 7 (7.5%) | |
| Aortic valve area (cm2) | 0.64 (0.2) | 0.67 (0.17) | 0.28 |
| Mean aortic valve gradient (mm Hg) | 49 (16) | 46 (17) | 0.091 |
| Annulus diameter (mm) | 23 (2.7) | 24 (2.5) | 0.009 |
| Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (mm Hg) | 44 (15) | 45 (15) | 0.64 |
| Aortic regurgitation (0–3) | |||
| 0 | 508 (35.5%) | 35 (38.0%) | 0.27 |
| 1 | 757 (52.8%) | 52 (56.5%) | |
| 2 | 137 (9.6%) | 5 (5.4%) | |
| 3 | 31 (2.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Mitral regurgitation (0–3) | |||
| 0 | 350 (24.6%) | 30 (32.3%) | 0.28 |
| 1 | 821 (57.7%) | 52 (55.9%) | |
| 2 | 223 (15.7%) | 10 (10.8%) | |
| 3 | 29 (2.0%) | 1 (1.1%) | |
| Urgent TAVI | 17 (1.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.29 |
| Make of prosthesis | |||
| Medtronic CoreValve/Evolut R | 771 (53.4%) | 53 (56.4%) | 0.23 |
| Edwards SAPIEN | 604 (41.8%) | 40 (42.6%) | |
| Other | 70 (4.8%) | 1 (1.1%) | |
| Contrast volume (mL) | 110 (78) | 129 (89) | 0.027 |
| Contrast volume to creatinine clearance ratio | 2.4 (1.9) | 2.73 (2.3) | 0.069 |
| Contrast volume (mL)/CrCl | |||
| <3 mL/CrCl | 1070 (74.2%) | 67 (71.3%) | 0.75 |
| 3–3.9 mL/CrCl | 167 (11.6%) | 11 (11.7%) | |
| ≥4 mL/CrCl | 205 (14.2%) | 16 (17.0%) | |
| Fluoroscopy time (min) | 1429 (1098) | 1391 (779) | 0.74 |
| Periprocedural/Postprocedural bleeding | 113 (7.8%) | 10 (10.6%) | 0.33 |
| Length of in-hospital stay (days) | 6.7 (8.8) | 14.0 (28.9) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean±SD or n (%) as appropriate.
CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CrCl, creatinine clearance; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association functional classification; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TAVI, transcatheter aortic valve implantation; VARC-2, Valve Academic Research Consortium-2.