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. 2015 Aug 12;1:15007. doi: 10.1038/npjbcancer.2015.7

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Copyright © 2015 Breast Cancer Research Foundation/Macmillan Publishers Limited

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Activin promotes migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. (a and b) Activin-A treatment (i) increases, whereas its stable knockdown (ii) decreases migration of MDA-MB-231 cells as shown by the scratch assay and transwell migration assay, respectively. (c) Matrigel invasion assay shows that activin-A treatment (i) increases, whereas its knockdown (ii) decreases invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. (d) Zymography using MDA-MB-231 cell supernatant shows that activin-A treatment increases (i) and its knockdown decreases (ii) active matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) levels. (e) Luciferase reporter assay in HEK 293T cells shows that activin-A regulates MMP2 promoter activity. (f and g) Activin-A regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers is inhibited using SMAD3 inhibitor or by stable knockdown of SMAD3 using small hairpin RNA (shRNA) in MDA-MB-231 cells. (h and i) Activin-A-induced increase in invasion in MDA-MB-231 cells is abrogated in the presence of SMAD3 inhibitor or stable knockdown of SMAD3.

Activin promotes migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. (a and b) Activin-A treatment (i) increases, whereas its stable knockdown (ii) decreases migration of MDA-MB-231 cells as shown by the scratch assay and transwell migration assay, respectively. (c) Matrigel invasion assay shows that activin-A treatment (i) increases, whereas its knockdown (ii) decreases invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. (d) Zymography using MDA-MB-231 cell supernatant shows that activin-A treatment increases (i) and its knockdown decreases (ii) active matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) levels. (e) Luciferase reporter assay in HEK 293T cells shows that activin-A regulates MMP2 promoter activity. (f and g) Activin-A regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers is inhibited using SMAD3 inhibitor or by stable knockdown of SMAD3 using small hairpin RNA (shRNA) in MDA-MB-231 cells. (h and i) Activin-A-induced increase in invasion in MDA-MB-231 cells is abrogated in the presence of SMAD3 inhibitor or stable knockdown of SMAD3.