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. 2015 Dec 2;1:15022. doi: 10.1038/npjbiofilms.2015.22

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Copyright © 2015 Nanyang Technological University/Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Constructed confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) three-dimensional images of 48-hour-old biofilms of E. coli O157:H7, E. coli K12, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus and S. epidermidis on nanosmooth alumina (control) and anodised surfaces of 15, 25, 50 and 100 nm pore diameter. The presented images have biomass accumulation close to the average for their surface type, so that images are representative. Scale units (small grid) are 34 μm in length.