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. 2015 Sep 23;1:15016. doi: 10.1038/npjbiofilms.2015.16

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Copyright © 2015 Nanyang Technological University/Macmillan Publishers Limited

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(a) Table summarizing the voltages and energies used to test the effect of various energies of different signals on BE treatment efficacy to treat mature E. coli biofilms. (b) Plot showing the reduction in viable cells as measured using the colony-forming unit (CFU) assay method. Treatment with SP-BE, that has twice the energy as the AC-BE or DC-BE, results in almost twice the reduction in viable cells (N=4 for each experiment). Furthermore, the reduction in the SP-BE viable cell count is not significantly different from the linear sum of the reduction in the AC-BE and DC-BE viable cell count. The error bars represent the standard deviation across the repeats of the experiments. The error bar for the SP-BE is not large enough to be visible at this scale. AC, alternating current; BE, bioelectric effect; DC, direct current; SP, superpositioned field.