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. 2015 Sep 23;1:15016. doi: 10.1038/npjbiofilms.2015.16

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Copyright © 2015 Nanyang Technological University/Macmillan Publishers Limited

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(a) Table summarizing the magnitude of voltages used to test the effect of equivalent energies of different signals on BE treatment efficacy to treat mature E. coli biofilms. (b) Figure plotting OD measured at 540 nm for various biofilms samples treated with BE of equivalent energies. The energy of the electrical signal dictates the efficacy of the BE as observed by the similar reduction in total biomass for the AC-BE, DC-BE and SP-BE treatments. The error bars represent the standard deviation of the experiments performed across eight samples (N=8 for each experiment). AC, alternating current; BE, bioelectric effect; DC, direct current; OD, optical density; SP, superpositioned field.