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Schematic summary of the epigenetic modifications induced by alcohol and/or cannabinoids. Alcohol and cannabinoids activate the MAP kinase signaling pathways, subsequently activating nuclear factors like CREB and NF-κB, histone modifications, and DNA methylation, which are mediated by the epigenetic enzymes, finally leading to altered gene expression and cell functionality through apoptosis, oxidative stress, plasticity or immunomodulation.
