. 2017 Jul 4;17(9):1–106.

Table 2:

Risk-of-Bias Assessment for the Effectiveness of the LAAC Device Versus Novel Oral Anticoagulants With Warfarin as a Common Comparator

Study, Year^a	Selection Bias^b	Performance Bias^c				Detection Bias^d	Attrition Bias^e	Reporting Bias^f	Sum Bias
Study, Year^a	Selection Bias^b	Stroke	Mortality	Hem. Stroke	Isch. Stroke	Detection Bias^d	Attrition Bias^e	Reporting Bias^f	Sum Bias
RELY, 2009¹⁵	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
ARISTOTL E, 2011¹⁶	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Unclear	Low	Low
ROCKET AF, 2011¹⁷	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
J ROCKET AF, 2012¹⁸	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
ENGAGE AF, 2013¹⁹	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
PREVAIL, 2014²⁰	Low	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Unclear
PROTECT AF, 2014²¹	Low	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Unclear

All studies were double-blinded randomized controlled trials except for PREVAIL and PROTECT AF, which were randomized but not double-blinded.

Selection bias refers to bias with regard to random sequence generation and allocation concealment.

Performance bias refers bias with regard to the blinding of participants and study personnel.

Detection bias refers to bias with regard to the blinding of outcome assessment.

Attrition bias refers to incomplete outcome data.

Reporting bias refers to selective reporting.