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Phosphorylation of ERK (A), JNK (B), p38 (C), Smad2 (D), and Smad3 (E) was examined by western blot analysis after 12 h of stimulation with TNF-α/TGF-β2 in the absence or presence of AICAR. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; NS, not significant. Error bars, S.E.
