Table 7.
Comparison of toxins with their protein ancestors
| Toxin type | Ancestors secretory proteins? | Ancestral amino acid:cysteine ratio | Ancestors from a multigene family? | Ancestral proteins functionally diverse? | Ancestral activity retained? | Novel toxic activities evolved? | Related proteins used as toxins by other animals? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3FTx | X | 13:1 | X | X | X | X | X |
| Acn | X | 110:1 | − | − | X | − | − |
| ADAM | X | 18:1 | X | X | X | X | − |
| BNP | X | 65:1 | X | X | X | X | − |
| CNP-BPP | X | 133:1 | X | X | X | − | × (CNP) |
| CRISP | X | 15:1 | X | X | X | X | X |
| Crotamine | X | 10:1 | X | X | X | X | − |
| CTL | X | 23:1 | X | X | X | X | − |
| CVF | X | 61:1 | − | − | X | − | − |
| Cystatin | X | 30:1 | X | X | X | X | − |
| Factor V | X | 53:1 | − | − | X | − | − |
| Factor X | X | 19:1 | − | − | X | − | − |
| GBL | X | 19:1 | X | X | X | X | − |
| Kallikrein | X | 21:1 | X | X | X | X | X |
| Kunitz | X | 12:1 | X | X | X | X | X |
| L-amino oxidase | X | 65:1 | − | − | X | X | − |
| Lectin | X | 9:1 | X | X | X | X | X |
| NGF | X | 39:1 | X | X | X | X | X |
| PLA2 Type IB | X | 15:1 | X | X | X | X | X |
| PLA2 Type IIA | X | 10:1 | X | X | X | X | X |
| Sarafotoxin | X | 19:1 | X | X | X | − | − |
| SPRY | X | 33:1 | X | X | N.A. | N.A. | − |
| VEGF | X | 13:1 | X | X | X | X | − |
| Waprin | X | 8:1 | X | X | N.A. | N.A. | − |
| Waglerin | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | − |
(N.A.) Bioactivities unknown for entire toxin type (waprin), bioactivity of ancestral protein unknown (SPRY) or ancestral protein undiscovered (waglerin).