Extended Data Table 1.

In-solution DNA enrichment and sequencing of ancient individuals.All dates are calibrated using OxCal v4.2.4⁵⁸ with a mixture of the Marine13 and Intcal13 curves⁵⁹ as determined by linear interpolation between dietary terrestrial/marine δ¹³C isotopic endpoints (−21‰/−12‰) with an uncertainty of ±10% on the per-cent marine carbon result following previous recommendations⁶⁰. Two of the dates have been previously reported (for I1368/B30A and I1370/B17)⁶¹, and in this study we add two new dates: for I1369/B10B from Tonga (on the same petrous bone used for ancient DNA analysis) and on CP30/SK10 from Tonga (on a fibula). Measured ¹³C and ¹⁵N values for I1369/B10B are −14.5 and 13.7‰ respectively, and for SK10 −16.44‰ and 10.48‰. As justified in ref. ⁶¹, we also applied a location-specific reservoir correction (ΔR) of 40±44 ¹⁴C years to the marine curve to adjust for regional oceanic variation in ¹⁴C around Vanuatu, and 11±83 ¹⁴C years for Tongatapu⁶².

Sample information						Coverage on chromosomes 1–22			Sex determination
Location	ID1	ID2	Bone for aDNA	Bone for dating	14C Date: Calibrated 95.4% Conf. Int. (Uncalibrated date, Lab number)	Mean depth	All SNPs	SNPs over-lapping array	Y SNPs	X SNPs	Sex
Vanuatu	I1368	B30A	Petrous	Skull	2990-2740 BP (2983±32 BP, Wk-22657)	0.26	139,461	74,631	321	18,231	F
Vanuatu	I1369	B10B	Petrous	Petrous	3000-2750 BP (3045±30 BP, Poz-81126)	0.14	199,500	107,523	341	24,255	F
Vanuatu	I1370	B17	Petrous	Skull	3110-2780 BP (3083±26 BP, Wk-21026)	0.21	167,311	90,402	231	19,303	F
Tonga	CP30	SK10	Petrous	Fibula	2680-2340 BP (2594±20 BP, Wk-41883)	0.16	231,994	125,908	75	25,943	F