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. 2017 Jul 18;7:5718. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06408-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Preference scores after cocaine challenge. (a) The cocaine challenge in saline pre-exposed rats did not make any differences in the risk preferences compared to their basal scores. The numbers of rats in each group were as follows: averse-paired (7), averse-isolated (10), seeking-paired (6), and seeking-isolated (8). (b) In response to the cocaine challenge, when they were cocaine pre-exposed, all rats, except those in the averse-isolated group, had a more risk-seeking choice preference (i.e., they chose P2 less and P3 more). The numbers of rats in each group were as follows: averse-paired (7), averse-isolated (7), seeking-paired (8), and seeking-isolated (6). Values are expressed as a mean + standard error of mean. (c) In the saline and cocaine pre-exposed groups, the preference scores for only P2 and P3 obtained during the tests conducted at basal (B), pre-exposure day 1 (D1), pre-exposure day 7 (D7), the withdrawal period (W), and challenge day (C) are depicted. Again, it is clear that all rats, except those in the averse-isolated group, had more risk-seeking choice preference (i.e., they chose P2 less and P3 more) in response to the cocaine challenge, when they were pre-exposed to cocaine. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted on data for P2 and P3 separately, but they were drawn together on the same graph for easy comparison.