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. 2017 Jul 19;8:100. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00100

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Copyright © 2017 Shi, Ali, Tang and Yang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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DNA demethylation in mammals. DNA demethylation is executed through passive demethylation (light blue chart) and active demethylation (gray chart). DNA methylation is maintained by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) during replication. 5mC will be replaced by C if methylation maintenance fails in passive demethylation. Active demethylation is achieved by Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins which can stepwise oxidize 5mC to 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC. Subsequently an abasic site is generated and filled in with an unmodified C by thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) and base-excision repair (BER) pathway. Furthermore, Lin28A is reported to recruit TET1 and NEIL proteins involved in excision of 5hmC, 5fC, and 5caC.