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. 2017 Jul 18;7:5715. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06064-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Typical Nyquist semicircle plots of EIS spectra. Electrode fabrication step measured in a mixture of 5 mM [Fe(CN)₆]^3-/4- and 0.1 M KCl solutions at an applied amplitude of ± 5 mV within a frequency range of 0.01 Hz-100 MHz. (a) Bare FTO electrode, (b) ZnO NRs/FTO electrode, (c) 10 s CuO modified ZnO NRs/FTO electrode, (d) 20 s CuO modified ZnO NRs/FTO electrode, and (e) 30 s CuO modified ZnO NRs/FTO electrode. Inset FESEM images show the surface morphology of the electrodes. Randles equivalent circuit model is shown in inset, where C_dl, R_s, R_et, and Z_w are double layer capacitor, solution resistor, electron transfer resistance, Warburg resistor, respectively.