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. 2017 Jul 18;7:5664. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05912-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Nuclear Smad2/3 is expressed after stimulation with TGFβ1. Non-TGFβ1 stimulated fibroblasts (“empty beads”, upper row) exhibit only similar faint Smad2/3 staining in nucleus and cytosol. In comparison, TGFβ1 stimulated cells show strong nuclear Smad2/3. Correspondingly, actin stress fibers show αSMA staining in case of TGFβ1 stimulation. TGFβ1 delivery – whether 10 ng/ml systemic (lower row) or sustained local release of 55 pg/ml from µ-beads (middle row) – leads to comparable results. Scale bar: 50 µm. White dashed circle in the merged images indicates µ-bead position.